New product marketing plan

In the market analysis, I intend to assess both the future and current market(s), positioning competitive conditions and any regulatory concerns that may exist in United States as Honda Company ventures into introducing bicycles in America. The potential for our product which is bicycles consists of quite a large and wide range of individuals who love outdoor sporting as well as those who have an interest in biking as a sport. This is also applies to the avid riders. In other words, this group constitutes young people especially children who like to bike during their play time, those students who take on biking as their only means of transportation, and competitive riders as well as weekend riders.Targeting may occur in two main phases. The first one concerns the single segment which consists of a single product. This is whereby a single product is targeted by a marketer and this takes place in a market that consists of many segments. On the other hand, the second phase relates to a situation whereby a single product is aimed at the available market segments as a whole by a marketer. In this case, less importance is placed on differentiation as compared to cost. In addition, there is also multi segment system of approach whereby different segments in the market are targeted by a marketer and this also includes various products that are differentiated (Baker, 2003).The overall market for Honda is the United States’ market and company’s target includes young families, children and sports men and women. The current population of people who use bicycles is high in the United States and this size is constantly increasing. This therefore provides a good potential market for Honda bicycles that are about to be introduced. As concerns the socio-cultural characteristics, our target market consists of people who are open as regards their culture, beliefs, values and lifestyles. United States’ citizens once believed that those people who ride bicycles were mostly trouble makers; this belief has drastically changed since the inception of Honda Company. This therefore means that the target market is bound to perceive the introduction of Honda bicycles as a good thing.As concerns, the economic background, the United States market consists of people who have above average earnings hence they are capable of purchasing these bicycles. This is also because they are likely to have disposable income. Moreover; the customer needs and requirements vary a lot. For instance, the primary needs for any children who might want to purchase bicycles concerns their safety, value and sound construction whereas a competitive circler will look for the product’s technological superiority, reliability and light-weight construction.Our target market intends to have young adults who earn $ 35,000 as their annual incomes and the avid riders who have an annual income of $45,000 and above and they should be aged between the ages of 25-44 years. As pe r our surveys, our consumers will be willing to pay $ 410.What will drive the demand for our bicycles are the reasonable prices that we are about offer to our esteemed customers, our brand image and high quality products (bicycles).Industry and Competitor Assessment. The main competitors include Yamaha from Japan, Bajaj Auto, TVs-Suzuki and Harley Division (HD). Harley Division is a strong company that is financially stable besides its constant growth. In addition, HD offers-low cost and high quality goods, they posses a brand image which is strong and adaptable and lastly the company has a strong global marketing and distribution system. As a result of these factors, the competition has managed to satisfy the needs of our proposed targets.The main competitive advantages that these competitors have include lower costs of goods that will enhance competition, mergers between them and this will adversely affect the current market share that Honda possess. These companies have establish ed such a strong global competition because of the high quality and low priced goods that they offer. This also includes the brand images for their products which are also superior. Moreover, these companies offer advanced and high quality bicycles because they are knowledgeable on the greatest and current trends in the bicycle industry hence the ability to attract more customers both the old and the young population in United States.The other competitive advantage concerns the location of the business and also the reputation that they hold for their products among the majority population in United States. For instance, Mountainmart is also threatening competitors in the biking industry since they often apply a huge discount structure and commodity approach for its various product line. However, despite its price advantage, Mountainmart doesn’t offer a high performance service as well as bike lines. In addition, its location is not convenient as it is located far away from st udents who constitute the main target market. As a result, it does not portray as much competition to either of its competitors.However, Honda has also its own advantages that translate to its strengths giving the company a competitive edge over other business competitors. The company will produce and intends to offer a wide range of highly qualified bicycles which include comfort, mountain, children’s bicycles and hybrid. Since lifestyles are constantly changing, Honda Company is bound to offer a unique and healthy lifestyle with the current trend of bicycles that is bound to offer. Moreover, Honda also offers customer service which is excellent such as training, safety tips, instructions, repairs, bike fittings and proper use among others and this will be good aspect in tackling down our customers.Marketing Strategy Customers are the focal point as concerns the purchasing of products that organizations worldwide promote, development, and price and distribute hence this call for proper definition of these products so as to enhance and maximize consumer satisfaction. Positioning as a concept has in the past and even today changed the available nature that relate to advertising. The starting point for positioning relates to a service, an institution or merchandise.Positioning entails making the product to appear in a person’s mind (Ries and Trout, 2001). Positioning is therefore effective when it takes place at the right time. Getting into a person’s mind involves having the right messages fixed into people’s mind as this calls for an appreciation. Therefore our offering will be positioned through advertising so that people can be aware of the bicycles that we intend to introduce in the market. In advertising, enormous advantage is guaranteed for those products that are able to position themselves in the market as the first products hence it is essential to have very good products in the available particular fields in business.The ma rketing strategy of Honda will constitute the four elements of the marketing mix which include product, price, distribution (place) and promotion so as to make effective management decisions in order to attain the stated objectives of the firm. They will be blended in an optimal manner by the firm with an objective of getting a positive response from the consumers of goods and services in the market. This is because these four variables play the vital role in the decision making process by management. Products could either be goods or services that are available for consumer consumption.As concerns product decisions, the decisions that will be made may be based on appearance, service, function, warranty and packaging among others. Therefore the product decision at Honda will include differentiated products and different brands will be available for the bicycles. Honda intends to introduce bicycles that create a great appeal to the general public as well as the younger demographic he nce creating a larger market share for the company (Gorchels, 2006).As regards pricing decisions, the need could occur under a number of specific circumstances for different types of products and services. For an existing brand or product the decision can incorporate increases, reductions and holding price. The major circumstances in which pricing decisions need to be made are: new product introduction, changes in external circumstances e.g. competitive action in raising and lowering of prices, raw material tax or any duty changes in the market structure, as well as other internal changes arising from new products and new processes.It is therefore vital for decisions made on pricing to consider the probable pricing and the profit margins of products. Discounts, financing and other various options such as licensing also constitute pricing decision. At Honda, pricing decisions and strategy, the decisions made will use the method of low-end targeting. This will enhance provision of the se bicycles at lower prices so that everyone can afford to buy them (Gorchels, 2006).Placement decisions are mostly linked to various marketing channels of distribution which often provide the means for transferring these products so that they can get to the specified customers. Decisions that concern distribution include logistics, channel member selection, levels of service and market coverage.Honda plans to have dealers who will be used to distribute the bicycles to various destinations. These networks of dealers will be placed in various destinations so that potential consumers can access these products, merchandise or accessories. The company also hopes to use promotions such as shows, public relations and marketing programs in its distribution decision (Minzburg & Quinn, 1991).On the other hand, decisions that are made relating to selling and communication towards potential consumers are referred to as promotion decisions. These decisions require a breakeven analysis as these costs may be large. The promotion strategy at Honda will be based on brand image, advertisements and commercials that will be available to all.The most effective means of communication for our product (bicycles) is the mass media method of communication. This method enhances the rate at which we can connect with our target customers. Public relations will also be part of our promotion strategy. It is a purposeful form of communication directed towards the publics by the organization with the objective of developing good will (Cooper & Hiebing, 2004). Public relations is also future oriented and proactive hence the objective of maintaining and building an organization’s positive perception.ReferencesBaker, M.J. (2003). The marketing Book. Elsevier.Cooper, W., & Hiebing, R. (2004). The One-Day Marketing Plan. McGraw-HillProfessional.Gorchels, L. (2006). The Product manager’s handbook: Supplemental Worksheetsand templates. McGraw-Hill Professional.Minzburg, H., & Quinn, B . (1991). The Strategy Process. Prentice Hall.Ries, A., & Trout, J. (2001).Positioning: The Battle for your mind. McGraw-Hill New product marketing plan New Product Marketing PlanThis paper will focus on the development of a marketing strategy for a new product- Honda bicycle.Market Analysis In the market analysis, I intend to assess both the future and current market(s), positioning competitive conditions and any regulatory concerns that may exist in United States as Honda Company ventures into introducing bicycles in America. The potential for our product which is bicycles consists of quite a large and wide range of individuals who love outdoor sporting as well as those who have an interest in biking as a sport. This is also applies to the avid riders. In other words, this group constitutes young people especially children who like to bike during their play time, those students who take on biking as their only means of transportation, and competitive riders as well as weekend riders.Targeting may occur in two main phases. The first one concerns the single segment which consists of a single product. This is whereby a single product is targeted by a marketer and this takes place in a market that consists of many segments. On the other hand, the second phase relates to a situation whereby a single product is aimed at the available market segments as a whole by a marketer. In this case, less importance is placed on differentiation as compared to cost. In addition, there is also multi segment system of approach whereby different segments in the market are targeted by a marketer and this also includes various products that are differentiated (Baker, 2003).The overall market for Honda is the United States’ market and company’s target includes young families, children and sports men and women. The current population of people who use bicycles is high in the United States and this size is constantly increasing. This therefore provides a good potential market for Honda bicycles that are about to be introduced. As concerns the socio-cultural characteristics, our target market consists of people who are ope n as regards their culture, beliefs, values and lifestyles. United States’ citizens once believed that those people who ride bicycles were mostly trouble makers; this belief has drastically changed since the inception of Honda Company. This therefore means that the target market is bound to perceive the introduction of Honda bicycles as a good thing.As concerns, the economic background, the United States market consists of people who have above average earnings hence they are capable of purchasing these bicycles. This is also because they are likely to have disposable income. Moreover; the customer needs and requirements vary a lot. For instance, the primary needs for any children who might want to purchase bicycles concerns their safety, value and sound construction whereas a competitive circler will look for the product’s technological superiority, reliability and light-weight construction.Our target market intends to have young adults who earn $ 35,000 as their annu al incomes and the avid riders who have an annual income of $45,000 and above and they should be aged between the ages of 25-44 years. As per our surveys, our consumers will be willing to pay $ 410.What will drive the demand for our bicycles are the reasonable prices that we are about offer to our esteemed customers, our brand image and high quality products (bicycles).Industry and Competitor Assessment. The main competitors include Yamaha from Japan, Bajaj Auto, TVs-Suzuki and Harley Division (HD). Harley Division is a strong company that is financially stable besides its constant growth. In addition, HD offers-low cost and high quality goods, they posses a brand image which is strong and adaptable and lastly the company has a strong global marketing and distribution system. As a result of these factors, the competition has managed to satisfy the needs of our proposed targets.The main competitive advantages that these competitors have include lower costs of goods that will enhance competition, mergers between them and this will adversely affect the current market share that Honda possess. These companies have established such a strong global competition because of the high quality and low priced goods that they offer. This also includes the brand images for their products which are also superior. Moreover, these companies offer advanced and high quality bicycles because they are knowledgeable on the greatest and current trends in the bicycle industry hence the ability to attract more customers both the old and the young population in United States.The other competitive advantage concerns the location of the business and also the reputation that they hold for their products among the majority population in United States. For instance, Mountainmart is also threatening competitors in the biking industry since they often apply a huge discount structure and commodity approach for its various product line. However, despite its price advantage, Mountainmart doesnâ⠂¬â„¢t offer a high performance service as well as bike lines. In addition, its location is not convenient as it is located far away from students who constitute the main target market. As a result, it does not portray as much competition to either of its competitors.However, Honda has also its own advantages that translate to its strengths giving the company a competitive edge over other business competitors. The company will produce and intends to offer a wide range of highly qualified bicycles which include comfort, mountain, children’s bicycles and hybrid. Since lifestyles are constantly changing, Honda Company is bound to offer a unique and healthy lifestyle with the current trend of bicycles that is bound to offer. Moreover, Honda also offers customer service which is excellent such as training, safety tips, instructions, repairs, bike fittings and proper use among others and this will be good aspect in tackling down our customers.Marketing Strategy Customers are the fo cal point as concerns the purchasing of products that organizations worldwide promote, development, and price and distribute hence this call for proper definition of these products so as to enhance and maximize consumer satisfaction. Positioning as a concept has in the past and even today changed the available nature that relate to advertising. The starting point for positioning relates to a service, an institution or merchandise. Positioning entails making the product to appear in a person’s mind (Ries and Trout, 2001). Positioning is therefore effective when it takes place at the right time.Getting into a person’s mind involves having the right messages fixed into people’s mind as this calls for an appreciation. Therefore our offering will be positioned through advertising so that people can be aware of the bicycles that we intend to introduce in the market. In advertising, enormous advantage is guaranteed for those products that are able to position themselve s in the market as the first products hence it is essential to have very good products in the available particular fields in business.The marketing strategy of Honda will constitute the four elements of the marketing mix which include product, price, distribution (place) and promotion so as to make effective management decisions in order to attain the stated objectives of the firm. They will be blended in an optimal manner by the firm with an objective of getting a positive response from the consumers of goods and services in the market. This is because these four variables play the vital role in the decision making process by management. Products could either be goods or services that are available for consumer consumption.As concerns product decisions, the decisions that will be made may be based on appearance, service, function, warranty and packaging among others. Therefore the product decision at Honda will include differentiated products and different brands will be available for the bicycles. Honda intends to introduce bicycles that create a great appeal to the general public as well as the younger demographic hence creating a larger market share for the company (Gorchels, 2006).As regards pricing decisions, the need could occur under a number of specific circumstances for different types of products and services. For an existing brand or product the decision can incorporate increases, reductions and holding price. The major circumstances in which pricing decisions need to be made are: new product introduction, changes in external circumstances e.g. competitive action in raising and lowering of prices, raw material tax or any duty changes in the market structure, as well as other internal changes arising from new products and new processes.It is therefore vital for decisions made on pricing to consider the probable pricing and the profit margins of products. Discounts, financing and other various options such as licensing also constitute pricing decisio n. At Honda, pricing decisions and strategy, the decisions made will use the method of low-end targeting. This will enhance provision of these bicycles at lower prices so that everyone can afford to buy them (Gorchels, 2006).Placement decisions are mostly linked to various marketing channels of distribution which often provide the means for transferring these products so that they can get to the specified customers. Decisions that concern distribution include logistics, channel member selection, levels of service and market coverage. Honda plans to have dealers who will be used to distribute the bicycles to various destinations. These networks of dealers will be placed in various destinations so that potential consumers can access these products, merchandise or accessories. The company also hopes to use promotions such as shows, public relations and marketing programs in its distribution decision (Minzburg & Quinn, 1991).On the other hand, decisions that are made relating to selling and communication towards potential consumers are referred to as promotion decisions. These decisions require a breakeven analysis as these costs may be large. The promotion strategy at Honda will be based on brand image, advertisements and commercials that will be available to all. The most effective means of communication for our product (bicycles) is the mass media method of communication. This method enhances the rate at which we can connect with our target customers. Public relations will also be part of our promotion strategy. It is a purposeful form of communication directed towards the publics by the organization with the objective of developing good will (Cooper & Hiebing, 2004). Public relations is also future oriented and proactive hence the objective of maintaining and building an organization’s positive perception.ReferencesBaker, M.J. (2003). The marketing Book. Elsevier.Cooper, W., & Hiebing, R. (2004). The One-Day Marketing Plan. McGraw-HillProfessional.Gorch els, L. (2006). The Product manager’s handbook: Supplemental Worksheetsand templates. McGraw-Hill Professional.Minzburg, H., & Quinn, B. (1991). The Strategy Process. Prentice Hall.Ries, A., & Trout, J. (2001).Positioning: The Battle for your mind. McGraw-Hill  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Professional.

Government play important role in industry

The word industry broadly refers to any form of economic activity. Most countries in this world, they have their own industries Just in different types. There are four types of industries such as primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary industries. Moreover, in order to develop economic in each countries, the government in those countries play an important role in deciding on the types of industries suitable for its economy, their location and the growth of these industries.First, the government have to think about the types of industries in their country because it depends on their physical factors. For example, Cambodia country, its lands are good for agriculture, so the government try to encourage people to do more on this type of industry. As we can know that Cambodia good at growing crops, it means that we can export our production to other countries to develop our economic well. One more thing is that, there are many tourism site in here, so the government try to advertise a nd protect about those places to get more tourist to visit.It means that we can also get benefit from this industry as well. Moreover, for other countries, theirs lands are not quite well about agriculture, but they have natural resources, so they focus more on how to use their natural resources usefully into their Industry. Second, about the location of each industries, there are many points to think about such as energy, raw material, and human resource. Before all industries should be built. For energy, it refers to the power needed to run machines such as computers, equipment for operation, lighting, and so on, so If that location has no electricity, how can those industries work.Furthermore, about law material, If the industries are far from the raw material resources, the owner of those Industries have to spend much money to Import them from somewhere and It takes long time to transport them to the industry. In addition, an Industry needs many workers so by locating close to a resource employment Is made easier. Third, the government also the one who helps the growth of Industries. This point Is mainly focused In the assistance of government over the Incentives for the Industries with taxation, peaceful country,and strict law of commerce.By taxation, the governments should not take much tax from the Investors that come to do business In their country, Just take maybe 20 to 30 percent from the original price. Plus, the government have to make sure that their country are peace by having no war or any problems, so Investors will come to their countries more and more because they will feel secure whenever they come. Last, the overspent have to set the strict law of commerce. When the government can do that, they can make the Investors feel reliable In those government by having no cheating on others.In short, all Industries are the mall part In helping to develop economic In every countries. That's why the government have to stand up to update their Industri es by thinking of types of Industries, location as well as the growth of Industries In order to run the economic smoothly. They focus more on how to use their natural resources usefully into their industry. Equipment for operation, lighting, and so on, so if that location has no electricity, how from the raw material resources, the owner of those industries have to spend much money to import them from somewhere and it takes long time to transport them to the industry.In addition, an industry needs many workers so by locating close to a resource employment is made easier. Helps the growth of industries. This point is mainly focused in the assistance of government over the incentives for the industries with taxation, peaceful country,and he investors that come to do business in their country, Just take maybe 20 to 30 country are peace by having no war or any problems, so investors will come to their that, they can make the investors feel reliable in those government by having no In sh ort, all industries are the main part in helping to develop economic in every countries.That's why the government have to stand up to update their industries by thinking of types of industries, location as well as the growth of industries in order to run the economic smoothly.

Personal Learning Profile Essay

What technological development, during the early history we covered, do you feel was either a detriment or an enhancement for people to move away from spending all of their lives finding sustenance? The Greeks were a highly civilized society when they came up with the idea of domestication in the Neolithic era (New Stone). It enhanced there civilization and made them be able to accomplish other thing that were important. They didn’t start out that way, but thing where able to change in the Mesopotamian area. The Mesopotamia area is between two rivers the Tigris and the Euphrates. Mesopotamia was the creation of the universe with their ruler Marduk. He made things possible to achieve which made and kept the gods happy. During the Paleolithic era, people where hunting to find food instead of farming before civilization occurred. This made them not be able to focus, maintain order on earth, and honor the gods as much as they wanted to. They had to move around and follow there food. The woman gathered plants close to camp providing most reliable supply of nourishment. On the other hand, the men hunted the most dangerous wild animals far away from camp. They praised and worshiped their gods to help find food. They even believed in animal gods that stood for love, hate, and fear which was known as animism. As time progressed the climate started to change that altered the pattern of plant growth which brought the Neolithic era (New stone). During this time period, people came up with new inventions such as agriculture and permanent settlements that grew into cities. In the fertile crescent woman were sowing seeds from wild grains to produce regular harvest. On orchard fields they grew fig, olives, and dates. The wheel helped them move more efficiently and getting the job done a lot faster. Men continued to hunt, but also started to domesticate animals like sheep, pig, goat, and cattle. This became known as the â€Å"Farming Pack Age†. Because of this it became a gigantic political state under a single ruler controlling formerly independent territories. Since they had more time, learning was able to occur. They learned from one another, adapting the knowledge, and beliefs of others. Trading vegetable oil, woolens and leathers with one another they acquired metals, timber, and precious stones. Through this they were able to build, make better tools, and weapons. They were also able to irrigate the arid flatlands with water channel from the rivers maintaining a system of irrigation. This led to the centralization of authority in Mesopotamia cities, which controlled the farmland and irrigation canals lying outside their fortified walls. With so many enhancement, Greeks were able to obtain order on earth and honor the gods as much as they wanted to. The Greeks need a way to track food, animals, and in trading. So, they came up with cuneiform; a way of writing. They wrote it on clay tablets it looked like tallies marks. Through this they were able to become good at math and science. The Greeks came up with the decimal system, 60 seconds in the clock, and the 360 degree circle. Some of the things the Greeks did we still do today. In school we learn from the teachers that math and science is a very important subjects that you will use through your whole life. The math is divided into different groups such as algebra, calculus, and geometry the one that the Greeks teach us about with the 60 seconds in the clock and the 360 degree circle. In the South, where it is more rural areas we still have farming and they use the same system like irrigation and plowing, but with a twist of new technology.

Whether the Current Rules, for Admitting Expert Evidence in Criminal Research Paper

Whether the Current Rules, for Admitting Expert Evidence in Criminal Proceedings, Are Too Laissez-Faire - Research Paper Example There are three criteria in which the judge is allowed to admit evidence from an expert. The first criteria state that â€Å"When the court needs any assistance from an expert; the expert’s evidence must deal with something† (McKie, 2012). This is so because, without instructions or advice from an expert, the court may be unable to reach a sound conclusion as to the subject matter† (McKie, 2012). The second criteria concern the fact that â€Å"the expert witness must have sufficient understanding of the theory and practice of the subject question† (McKie, 2012). Moreover, the last criteria check the possibility of substantial evidence proposed in the expert's reports being reliable. This issues a directive that all forensic experts must be part of a registered body of science. The expert should have extended experience in the field. They should also have a good reputation and acknowledgment in the field to guarantee justice in an opinion offered (Procedures for the Evidence Act, 1999). The entire discussion in this paper revolves around the fact that across the world justice systems are failing. This is due to the fact that error created by forensic expert’s evidence tabled cannot be validated by the courts (Bohan, 2004).To make the matter worse, the judiciary systems are not even talking about the weakness in evidence validation. This has increases vast doubt about the authenticity, accuracy, and admissibility of forensic evidence by judges (McKie, 2012). Although not all cases are faced with miscarriage of justice as a result of sham evidence, people who are innocent do end up behind the bar. Flawed experts evidence can result in criminal conviction and even execution by law courts. The truth of the matter is that how most judged verify the mentioned criteria is a bit of a misery.

The benefits of mechanical improvements in cardiopulmonary bypass Thesis Proposal

The benefits of mechanical improvements in cardiopulmonary bypass - Thesis Proposal Example This allows the cardiac operation to take be performed in a less chaotic and stationary environment thus reducing chances of error. During the procedure, the blood is gravity drained to a reservoir, it is then oxygenated and returned to the arterial system via a pump. One of the main concerns for physicians is the damage that is sustained by the blood and blood cells during friction as it is being propelled from the pump. The commonly used rolled pumps utilize a basic mechanism with tubing lined along a raceway with rollers massaging the tubing to propel the blood forward. This style of pump requires the clinician to keep the occlusion balanced at a level that ensures adequate forward blood flow with minimal damage the fragile blood cells inside the tubing. Roller pumps have been found to cause shear stress in blood that can lead to haemolysis, realease of vasoactive substances and spallation which is a breakdown in the tubing wall. Hemolysis and the corresponding increase in plasma free hemoglobin are severely detrimental to the patient outcome and prolong the patients’ recovery following cardiac surgery utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass. However, there has been some decrease in the occurrence of these risks by the utilization of centrifugal pumps that were specifically developed to eliminate intermittent tubing occlusion. Research has been done to provide evidence that the damage to red blood cells, platelets, and plasma proteins is minimized with the use of centrifugal pumps as compared to the common roller pumps.

Music and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music and Culture - Essay Example This is a popular method of entertainment in many nations around the globe. Indonesia is one of the countries that have facilitated the development of shadow puppetry over a period. Shadow puppetry is argued as the oldest type of puppetry in the world. The term puppetry, which is also known as wayang, originated from the Indonesian word for shadow baying. Wang kulit and it uses shapes created from water buffalo hide. Despite its value in Indonesia, shadow puppetry found its way in India and China many millenniums ago. In Indonesia, shadow puppetry’s foundation is usually based on the religious tales of good versus evil. Shadow puppetry is essential in reinforcing traditional ethics of native civilization. Nueva cancià ³n This is a group and genre in Latin American and Iberian folk music, folk-inspired music and in social context devoted type of music. In other words, this genre is also known as a ‘New Song Movement’ or ‘Trova’, which makes part of a Latin American musical movement. The reason behind the name is that the song was composed and started during the time of social movements and the Allende revolutions in the 1900s and 1970 respectively. Its main function at that time was to unite the society and a source of weapon against social injustices by bad governance. Sanjuan is also known as a song of the festival. The name is derived from St. John the Baptist with its routes traced from as from 1860. It is mostly played male harpists where some part of it is sung and another played.

Choose from description below Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Choose from description below - Research Paper Example Lee is a Correspondent at the Alberta University - Edmonton Clinic Health Academy. Her article focuses on driving whilst on as an emerging problem that needs urgent solutions. Body Summary The articles exclusively center on the regulatory laws that have placed limitations on the use of the cell phones by the drivers. It is evident that a majority of the states have embarked on a mission to ensure that the mobile phones are handled properly by the concerned drivers whilst on the roads. Despite the laws ranging from one state to another, the laws focus on a recommendation of the use of hands free devices by the drivers. On the other hand, Strayer  & Drew  argue that as a result of the constant use of the mobile phones by the drivers, a lot of accidents have been seen to take place as drivers on phone are likely to over speed, break other traffic rules or even fail to stop for police checks (646). With driving taking the toll of using one hand, while the other is busy texting or rec eiving a call, Lee argues that a lot of lives have been lost as a result of the same (7728). The costs of distracted driving in this case cannot be quantified especially if the lives of innocent individuals have to be at stake. Lee argues that at times, a lot of drivers are at pressure to be connected, an aspect that makes it almost an obvious behavior in the roads today (7723). The author also insists that the problem is a growing one (Lee 7725). It is evident that one of the major causes of deaths and injuries greatly correlates to this form of driving by the drivers. This explains why a lot of states have then embarked on the implementation of legislations that see to the banning of the handsets for the drivers. Drivers on phone were also said to be slower and to also lose focus whilst driving especially after a phone call (Strayer & Drew  641). It is at this juncture that the authors recommend legislation on the ban of cell phones whilst driving (Strayer & Drew  644). Collet , Guillot & Petit are of the opinion that mobile phones lead to the drivers reacting slowly to responses whilst in the traffic environment (590). They also have minimal control and less attention for visual information whilst driving; thus, cannot focus on one activity (593).Legislation on the use of mobile phones amongst other measures like education would therefore be vital in the responsible use of the phones by the divers. Critique The articles analyzed in this work are ones that may be termed as valid and reliable as reference materials in relation to the theme topic. Collet, Guillot & Petit’s article is one that involves review studies on the topic so as to valid that legislations would be useful for present-day drivers. The authors shed light on the major effects on driving using a phone at the same time judging from the simulator works and field research. Its introduction gives a brief summary of the article and what will be explained in terms of applicable data to au thenticate that mobile phones need to be restricted. The conclusion then summarizes the facts; thus, leading to the commendation that drivers need to correct their behaviour which can be facilitated through restrictions on the use of mobile phones whilst driving. Lee’s work, on the other hand, starts from an abstract that gives the outline of the article. The author then gives guidelines on how to deal with concerns in the topic, highlights on the dangers of driving while on phone, gives solutions to this menace and lastly gives a detailed conclusion

Analysis of Strategic Risks in South Africa Essay

Analysis of Strategic Risks in South Africa - Essay Example This essay is one of the best examples of analysis of different specific kind of risks in political, social and economic environment of South Africa, that greatly influence a company operation. It critically looks at the political, economic, financial and social Risks and gives insights into how a corporation should position itself in order to gain the best of results in South Africa. Political risk refers to risks relating to the governance and control of the various peoples in a given nation. The inherent political risks in South Africa have to do with the nature of social exclusion practiced in the country for a long time. However, power is in the hand of a popular the Black African majority government. The constitution gives a lot of room for strikes, trade unionism and demonstrations, which reignites the strategy used by the Congress and the people power that comes with the current government. This means that a corporation entering the market needs to understand its microcosmic position and make adjustments to meet these elements of favoritism, nationalism, mass action and corruption. There is also economic risks that are connected with the high cost of doing business in South Africa and other factors like the entry of Chinese businesses who have control of affairs. There are also financial risks relating to credit risk and money transfer issues. Managing across culures is quite difficult. However, the cultural risk in South Africa is increased by the fact that the cultural diversity is huge. ... The World Cup brought South Africa surpluses in its balance of trade in the past year and increased its GDP its previous years’ data. With the weakening US Dollar, a business that seeks to operate in South Africa will find it relatively more expensive to trade in South Africa that it would in other parts of the world. Unemployment Unemployment rates in South Africa currently stand at 25.3% and this is blamed on the people’s demands for high wages and better working conditions than other parts of the world (SouthAfrica.Info, 2011). This therefore presents a labor risk to the nation. This is because these conditions show that clearly, labor is expensive in the country. This therefore means that any business that seeks to open up a branch in this country needs to be willing to pay more for labor. International Trade International trade in South Africa is increasingly becoming skewed in favor of the Brazil, India, China and Russia and nations like China in particular has a lot of control in the affairs of South Africa (SouthAfrica.Info, 2011). This therefore means that any company from a country not in this category risks losing out to the competition posed by these nations that are favoured by international treaty in South Africa. This therefore makes it more prudent for a corporation to consider other international expansion options that makes good use of outsourcing to remain competitive and acquire a favorable image in the South African market. Financial Risks General Financial Risks The World Bank gives South Africa 68% for credit worthiness indicating that although it is a low risk country to do business in there is still some risk to do business there (Adar, 2008) The Currency Risks South Africa’s Rand is quite stable

Charachter Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Charachter Critique - Essay Example She cared for the people on earth and helps those who infected with AIDS. She started over a thousand foundation, however, the first one she started, was without any funds, which shows how compassionate and she was ambitious to do something for the well being of people. The objective of her life was to care for people and she spent 60 years of life in the slums of Calcutta. She helped the poor by giving them food, clothing, shelter and she was particularly devoted to helping the sick like lepers. She even cared about those people, who were dying or those who were abandoned by their loved ones. However, it wasn’t easy; she faced a lot of difficulties, extremely challenging situations and she had to put herself through a lot of hardships. This personality trait of her teaches people to take care of others, even if means sacrificing your own needs and desires. There is a quote of hers, which states, â€Å"I for one do like the worldly comforts and I am sure you do too. And you know what, that’s perfectly fine. Don’t let anyone tell you otherwise. Just don’t be wasteful†. (Marques). The second personality trait of Mother Teresa was her strong faith. She faced many challenges in her life, because providing for the poor and taking care of them wasn’t an easy task. Faith was perhaps her solid foundation, which didn’t tremble when she faced difficulties; her faith taught her the core values of life, which was to take care of the poor and love them. She stated that, â€Å"In this life, we cannot do great things. We can only do small things with great love.† The presence of her strong faith was the reason why Mother Teresa did so many things for the human kind. As she was inspired by Jesus, she involved herself in charity life and lived simply like him. She even believed that the God called her Himself and instructed her to work for the benefit of mankind. She left her convent in 1948 and opened her first charity organization, a home

English class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

English class - Essay Example articles and journals that support this motion while drawing reference to The Constitution of the United States of America and supports the idea that the drinking age ought to be lowered. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 highlights the ethical benefits of setting the minimum drinking age of the American population at 21. Although some states have completely instituted a ban on the consumption, purchase and handling of drinks to the minimum age required, others allow them although under tight restrictions. The national law in specific requires all state laws to prohibit public possession of alcoholic beverages by minors. However, the public possession law does not apply to possession of beverages in religious functions, while in the company of adults and parents who are older than 21 years. The law also does not term it as a crime when a medical practitioner such as a physician, doctor or nurse prescribes an alcoholic drink to a patient. It is also not illegal for a minor to possess and consume alcoholic beverages in a private function. Some observers point out the illogic of the age according to decision making process. Constitutionally, any person who h as attained the age of 18 is regarded as an adult and has a right to vote in national elections. An adult according to the law is a person who can make informed decisions and be accountable to the government. There should be no special application of the bill of rights to this class of people when it comes to drinking laws. An adult is an adult, so long as constitutionally one is perceived to be capable of making informed judgments. Thus, the law ought to be repealed to lower the age to 18. According to Zimmer and Hatch (n.p.), the law prohibiting the sale and consumption of alcoholic drinks to persons of 18 years has failed. Many arguments have been raised on the impracticability of the issue. Zimmer and Hatch, (n.p.) compares the alcohol related problems of America and the united kingdom and comes

RESPOND TO CLASSMATES RESPONSES ON BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS IN JAPAN Coursework

RESPOND TO CLASSMATES RESPONSES ON BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS IN JAPAN - Coursework Example You so well outline that the Japanese are a high power distance society where pessimism seems to have no room amidst the harmony that they so much value. Japanese mixing business with social or rather personal life can greatly overwhelm foreigners who might find it to be disgusting merely due little acquaintance with the Japanese’s way of life. To avert complications common in cross-cultural negotiations, Americans must comprehend Japanese non-verbal cues, as this will also ease the negotiation process. However, rather than relying on translators, it is most appropriate that one masters fundamental aspects of the Japanese language prior to attending a meeting in Japan. Your response portrays a good amount of research. Your introduction of deductive and inductive reasoning propels the discussion and instigates further exploration of the world of communication and psychology. The Japanese build trusts and harmonious relationships in every activity that they participate in. While asking questions about a culture is effective in understanding other people’s culture, it is important to appropriately contemplate the questions that can be asked to avoid offending the Japanese whose are proud of and gratified with their unique culture. Researching about Japanese culture prior to the meeting is also quite vivacious but the research should focus on points or sections that can be necessary during the business negotiation. Japanese customers want to feel treasured under every circumstance. As you rightly point out, saving face and showing respect to hierarchy are important in international trading especially in Japan. Multi-cultural diversity requires that business personnel are familiar with their partners’ culture. Embarking on a programme of language training will not be a waste of resources since the output will eventually overshadow the input. The company will appear to

Important Inventions Essay Example for Free

Important Inventions Essay You have probably heard the saying All roads lead to Rome, many times from numerous people. Of course, not all roads lead to Rome; but back in the time of ancient civilizations, most roads in eastern Europe did. Of all ancient people, the Romans were the finest road builders. At the beginning of the 4th century B. C., they built smooth, hard surfaced, and durable roads wherever they ruled. That empire extended from England to North Africa; many of the roads in England are still in use today! Since you may not realize the important role that these early roads played, I am going to give you an idea of how they were built, used, and what exciting discoveries were made as the result of these ancient road builders. You will even get to see how these discoveries were used in the construction of their roads. Most of us take the roads we use today for granted, we never think about how some of the inventions like concrete, early arch bridges, and cement were discovered. Without some of those inventions, it would have been much more difficult for the Romans to rule their vast empire. Well built roads were necessary to control and extend their empire, permit trade and travel, and move their massive armies. They were the most impressive road builders of the ancient world. Over 50,000 roads, many well paved, stretched all over the Roman Empire. Settled in 800 B. C., Rome and its citizens communicated efficiently on land using a famous road system that linked all parts of the empire. Even though the army built most roads, all people traveled on them. Official messengers and troops moved rapidly over swamps, rivers, and mountains because of good bridges, paved causeways, and tunnels. Cutting through mountains and spanning streams, roads were built in straight lines whenever possible. The Romans knew how to lay a solid base and to give a road a pavement of flat stones. They also knew to make a road slope slightly from the center and toward both sides to drain off water.

Personal Development: Plans and Theories

Personal Development: Plans and Theories A person when chooses some specific job or field of work or engage him in particular activities such engagements are known as his profession. Every profession has its own requirements which the professional has to fulfill being to known as skilled professional of the same. Economic environment as well as business environment is changing dynamically therefore, it requires improvement in performing activities or skills of the professional to run with the age. New discoveries and inventions are being removing problems of business and economic environment and also are improving the standard of working and making the performance of work easy and more efficient but a professional can only take the advantage of those discoveries and inventions when he will improve or develop his skills according to the pace of changings. I started my career from the job of an accountant but I now found myself more improve than before, because when I started the job I had not adept in computer operating and relevant operating software prevailing at that time but then I observed that if I shall not effort to learn the prevailing computer software then my skill shall be remained undeveloped and I shall not be able to grow/develop with the pace of dynamic changes then I started for developing my professional skills through learning and getting help and assistance from my managers and now I have become the assistant accountant of the organization. Personal development means to improve the innate abilities or learned skills which a person possesses as God gifted or learned from some institution or his seniors or managers. Professional development is indeed personal development such as when I started my job I had lack of confidence that may be I could not be performed my job properly but when I learned the skills and effort to improve my professional skills then, on the other hand I found myself confident about my working because my hesitation has been abolished and my morale has been grown up. Therefore, in my view personal development entirely basis on professional development because hesitation and confusion are personal factors which become hindrance in the way of ones professional success and it only remove when ones professional skills develop and in this way the requirements of the profession are satisfied and it also improve the efficiency and performance of him. Organizational and Personal Goals Objectives Organizational goals and objectives belongs to goals and objectives of one group who are working for their mutual benefits because organizations progress is their progress, in other words every member of organization represent the goals and objectives of the organization because his progress and organization progress is interconnected. Organization itself is nothing but it is known with the group who is running and representing it. Personal goals and objectives are the ambitions and aims of one individual which he plans and achieves through his personal and professional skills. Just as every individual desires to be the best in every aspect as in his personal life and professional life but he can be if he plans for to achieve them. An organization expects good and efficient performance from each of its worker/member and every individual of the organization expects good remuneration as consideration of his professional skills which should be sufficient to satisfy his demands and desires and indeed the demands of an individual are the goals and objectives because he supposes that at a particular post or rank he shall be able to satisfy them therefore, goals and objectives of an organization and an individual are reciprocal because an individual meets with the expectations of an organization only when the organization satisfy his goals and objectives and in the same way an organization do the same when the individual returns the same as the organization expects from him, therefore, an individual can only achieve his, as well as of organizational goals and objectives if he improves his personal and professional skills. A better performer achieves more in short span and lazy one waste a lot and achieves less. Methods for Developing Personal and Professional Skills Different people possess different intellectual ability of understanding and performing and also have different innate and God gifted abilities therefore, when one teacher teaches one class together then it is impossible to say that all the students have understood the concepts which have been conveyed to them by the teacher although all the students have different problems in same lesson. It is therefore, important for every student or individual to realize the method through which he can learn easily and whether the method is compatible to his intellectual abilities. Therefore, different methods attract different person at one time due to the compatibility of their abilities with the method so adopted or supposed to be adopted because the efficiency/personal skills and professional skills of every individual are not equal to other. Following are the methods for developing personal and professional skills:- Development through Learning Learning is such a method which keeps one in touch with the inventions, changes and challenges which directly affect the performance and efficiency of organizations and of individuals and it also keeps in touch the learners with required solutions and techniques through which they can get them out from the problems. Learning basically reflects the ideas and practical works of the authors who share their experiences with other through books, notes and reports and also provide their conclusions of particular professions on the basis of material works which help the learners in solving their prevailing problems. In my view learning is such a method through which only theories and ideology of one or more authors could be observed or consulted but practical work is missing from such concepts. Business strategies and methods of doing business are different in different countries because different countries different factors affect the environment and there are no hard and fast rules of doing and running businesses and all the businesses have different problems in same economic environment because nature and size of all the businesses are different and the person doing the business and the strategies of executive management who is controlling the organizations activities are different, political atmosphere and government policies regarding the concern business are also different then how they could be considered and controlled according to one or more theories based methods which are also of different persons. In my view development through learning is not a comprehensive method but partially it is useful for learner to the extent of knowledge about dynamic changes and future challenges. Development through Apprenticeship Development is process in which a person struggles to maintain the quality what he knows and also struggles in the same time to improve or develop his skills more efficiently so that he could be able to achieve his personal goals and objectives by playing his effective role also in achieving the organizational goals and objectives. Apprenticeship a very useful method of development of personal and professional skills because in this method one can apply his knowledge what he learnt during his education under the supervision and support of managers and mentors and also can practically remove his hesitation about concerned working and can build confidence reliance on the feedback from the seniors. When I started my apprenticeship right after studies, I was thinking, how I shall do my duties, what would be behavior of the seniors towards juniors, shall I be able to be a good accountant and many more questions were in my mind and I was hesitating because I was joining a new environment in which I was totally unknown from every work and every person but during my apprenticeship my seniors played very positive role in removing my hesitations, building my confidence, facilitation me in my working, supporting me in all the way they can and aware me with the techniques to removing hindrances. They always answered my every question about my field. Now up to today I feels that many developments have been occurred in me because my confidence level has been grown more than my expectations because now I know almost all the techniques to work effectively even in pressure and I can plan and settle goals. This is all because of apprenticeship method of development. Self Managed Development It is such a method of development in which the individual arrange for learning and developing personally through any means which he considered useful for him. Individual takes all the initiative to learn, training and knowledge with the help of the organization because it is the organization that has to provide him time to its employee to improve his skills and sometimes the organization pays the fee to the courses and training of its employee. A skilled employee is asset of organization but dynamic changes required him to improve his skills to work with the pace of changes and this is possible only when the process of development of individual is in accordance to inventions and dynamic changes in the culture of economy and business. An organization plays very important role in the development of its skilled individual because to improve the skills of its best employees, it has to arrange training program, seminars, meetings for discussion and all the other possible ways through which it can help its employees for development because efficient employee perform good and also plays its effective role in the achievement of organizational goals and objectives. When an organization provide opportunities to its employees for development of his professional skills then it is indeed providing opportunity to develop his personal skills in the main time because when an individual knows all the ways to perform or face challenges connected to same task then he can work more confidently and his hesitation has been finished and i.e. is the basic factor through which the assessment of development could be measured. Development through Coaching Coaching is such a development method in which all the focus is kept only on specific work and all the skills required to perform that very work. Normally coaching method is used for short span of time in such a scenario when the senior employee is getting retired from the organization and such senior employee is held with the responsibility to coach his succession with the all skills and techniques required for effective performance and market culture and all the other connected ways. Senior has to coach the successor with all the prevailing techniques and inventions up to date and culture of the organization to face and work in external environment and he also has to convey the ways with which he can work under pressure and work load and also to defeat he rival acts of the competitors. Under the method of development through coaching the individual is getting advantage from the practical experience of his coach and the coach as culture of all the organizations is not same even if t hese are connected one industry or field therefore, for effective performance it is compulsory for every employee of the organization to know the culture of the organization. Coaching is the best way through which one can focus only on the techniques and modes for effective and considerable performance in one field and can save his time even to waste by spending in other activities which are general and irrelevant to the profession. It is such a method in which the individual can improve and develop his personal and professional skills under the supervision of practical experienced coach to the relevant profession who even teaches the individual all the aspects with which he can develop his skills more effectively and get the positive results by applying those skills in his personal and professional life. In my organization the senior manager account was on leave due to training course in abroad for six months and for such period I was recommended for additional charge and my senior was held with the responsibility to coach me as an alternative of senior manager accounts. During the coaching and practical working under the supervision of my seniors I foun d myself on such a stage where I could not be able to arrive after many years and my skills have been developed at such a stage that I have been promoted for such development. According to me coaching is the best way of development and now all the factors which hesitates me in performance of my duties have been removed from me and my personal skills have also been grown up. Development through Mentoring When one skilled individual offers guidance, support, help and facilitate other in performing their work is known as mentor and the method under which he offers help to others in developing their skills is mentoring. Mentoring is such a method in which an individual is allowed to make mistakes under the supervision of supervisor and to satisfy their questions by getting answers from him. Mentoring and coaching are similar to the extent that in both the methods the mentor and coach help the individuals in developing their skills but in coaching the focus is limited to the extent of job and in mentoring the focus is upon all the field and works being done in organization. Mentoring is a comprehensive method of development which gives knowledge about all the departments and fields of an organization and in this way it waste the time of the individual in such works to which he does not intend to perform or adopt in his future, on the other hand coaching is the best way through which the coach focus only to the extent of particular work and field and conveys all the best possible techniques and tips regarding the solution of problems so relevant and for effective performance which develop the personal and professional skills of the individual. Personal Development Plan Personal and professional skills are reciprocals of each other because without developing anyone other skills could never be developed. Development of professional skills are mainly under focus of mine because I concluded in my professional career that when I was just a raw handed person who had just knowledge about account but no practical experience I was hesitant and had lack of self confidence because I was of the opinion that accounts work is very much difficult but now after starting my professional career and practical working, now I think that accounts work is not a difficult one and I perform my work with confidence and this is all because I struggled to improve my professional skills because improvement of these skills is very much important for me to meet my own goals and objectives and I could not be able to meet my goals until and unless I shall not play my effective role in achieving the organizational goals and objectives and the management of the organization assesses my performance more effective than before. I planned for the achievement of my settled my goals and objectives that I shall mainly focused on my professional skills development and for this I planned that I shall keep myself prominent and dominant through coaching and leadership and shall not miss a single chance of training from organization and in this way I can develop my professional skills as well as my personal skills and also can keep myself prominent in organization. My short term settled goals and objectives are to be the best one in the organizations account department. My long term goals and objectives are to be the best in the company so that the executive management of the organization promotes me head of the account section/department. My future goals are to be the best one in accounts field in all over the world. Action Plan Now to achieve my own goals and objective through the achievement of organizational goals and objectives I arose a suggestion before the executive management of the organization that we should start a learning program in round the department of the organization through which we could develop the skills of the employees by encouraging and facilitating them with the new and latest thoughts and methods in their relevant fields and I account section I offered my services as a coach. If I shall be afforded this opportunity then I shall be able to develop my skills in all the ways and I shall be recommended for all trainings on behalf of the organization and this shall be the success of my plans first stage. Through coaching I shall coach number of employees and satisfy their queries with my practical experience which will improve my position in the organization and also strengthen my confidence and also keep me integer me with the organizations management and employees too. When I started my work on my plan then I had weaknesses such as I was over confident and emotional and my patience was shaky but now I am so calm and believe in practical work not in assumption and my main strength is, I do not afraid from the load of work because my work has become my habit and I feel more relaxed in working than to free time. Thats why my executive likes me a lot and they always want to know my suggestions about the problems solutions and about any new project which the intend to lay down. On the success of my this plan I think that in the short time I shall be able to achieve my own and organizational goals together because both are combined and without the achievement of organizational goals and objectives I could never achieve my owns therefore, my all efforts are for the achievement of organizational goals and objectives. Preferred Learning Styles Learning styles are different of different peoples and it is the mentality of every person relying on which he assesses him that what are his weaknesses and strengths and what are his innate abilities and many other aspects of his professions. As different theorist have difference in their way of thinking and doing same job they present different styles of learning in different ways but indeed they all are presenting same styles there is just difference which is due to their knowledge and mode of explaining. Kolb and Honey and Mumford present different styles but in my view the styles of Honey and Mumford are compressive and therefore, are preferred. Honey and Mumfords Learning Styles According to Honey and Mumford there are four learning styles which are nearly around the Kolbs sequence. They classified they learner into four categories such as activists, reflectors, theorists and pragmatists relying on the preferences of each group that what are there preferences. Activists Activist learners preferences are towards practical working because such learners do not completely rely on theories and in other words theories are not sufficient to satisfy their thirst of queries and such learners do not possess patience. These learners are active and they want to sort result quickly on the basis of practical experience not only on the basis of theories. Generally a great number of such learner is around of us because such learners do not have patience and therefore, they are not consistently perform one work and different confused queries remained in them. Reflectors Reflectors are such learners who just take a concept from the phenomena and think about them and start working on the task. These learners are over confident learner who is anxious in nature and lack of patience. Such learners are not very much successful because they do not possess requisitive knowledge about the task and even dont know about the nature and diversification of work. Their works reflect their competence and skills and the concepts of such learners are not based on practical work but based on assumptions and hear say knowledge. Theorists Theorist are analytical learners who always seek to understand the underlying concepts and they only considers those approaches which are based on logical reasons and reflect logical solutions of problems because such learners remain in touch with the theories and studies and they have practical working experiences. They analyze the situations and scrutinize the factors affecting their work and then do work on the basis of logical and reasonable arguments. Such learners possess serious personality and so efforts for the sake of development of their skills relying on practical and acceptable reasons. Pragmatists These learners are called common sense learners because these learners do not study to improve their skills but the carry on research when the face a practical problem in their works and find the solution of the problems from theories. Pragmatists are best practical experienced employees or learners who are almost expert of their works which they are doing and are consistent worker but when the find any problem in their work or require any invention to improve the working conditions then the carry on study. As they have practical experience of working their basic concepts are very much clear and they learn quickly. According to me I am a pragmatist learner because I am working as accountant and as a coach in my organization therefore, I always doing practical work during my working hours and almost very well aware of the routine problems and therefore, I do not have need of so much learning but when any employee or trainee asked a unique or different question which I never observed then I effort to satisfy my concepts and to rightly answer the question so put to me. On the other hand I dont think that I have need of daily study just to repeat my work because account work is routine practice which is making me more conversant to my profession and also developing my both personal and professional skills. Affect of Learning Styles on Development and Personality It is very much important for everyone to know his weaknesses, strengths and special competitive abilities which make him special because if someone knows this then he not even can choose right profession for him but also can choose the right style of learning because both profession and learning styles last lasting affect on the personality and development of skills. A practical instance from my own life is that during my professional education I had a close friend who was interested to become a doctor but his father wanted him to be an accountant because he was an accountant in a well known organization and he got him admitted in my class but my friend neither be able to become a good accountant because his interests were in medical studies and he had abilities that he could become a doctor. Right from that time I got it considered that if a person chooses wrong profession and wrong learning style which is not compatible to his innate abilities then he could never be develop his skills ever his personal life adequately. Important Management Skills Management is a very difficult job because a manager is responsible for his work and as well as the work done by any employee under him therefore, a manager should possess the following personal and professional skills to perform his duties adequately and according to the requirement of work:- Personal Skills Manager is a person whom has been authorizes to supervise the employees under him and get positive results from them in shape of effective and considerable performance. In my view a manager should possess the abilities and skills of motivation, goals setting, leadership, hard working, loving, patience and many more. A manager is authorize by the authorities to direct the employee of his team for smooth and effective results from them to complete a task assigned to him within in the particular time and budget. Professional Skills Good professionals are selected as managers because they are supposed to lead and direct one team and also have to support, help out and facilitate the members of their teams. Therefore, in my view the managers should posses the skills of team management, task oriented, work in pressure, calm minded, controlling, briefing, debating and patience etc. Conclusion From the research, consultation, discussion and study on the above explained task it is concluded that organizational goals and personal goals and objectives are names of one thing because when one person is doing job in an organization then his goals and objectives are the success of the organization in which he is working because he knows that his effective working can make him able to meet with the expectations of the organization from him and which shall be return to him by the organization in shape of rewards and promotions which is actually his a positive part of his goals and objectives. It is further concluded that personal skills can be developed when ones professional skills are developed because if a person doesnt know any thing about the work he is suppose going to do then he will definitely hesitate and avoid from such work but when he shall know every aspect of the work then he shall perform his work more efficiently and effectively without hesitating because his possess the professional skills about such work. Therefore, development of professional skills is more compulsory for personal development.

Background To Al Tayeb Salih English Language Essay

Background To Al Tayeb Salih English Language Essay The current research addresses the dilemma of translating cultural terms especially in literary works. It aims at shedding some light on the problems that translators, particularly between Arabic and English, face with dealing with cultural terms and on the decisions made by these translators to overcome these problems. The Wedding of Zein, written by the Sudanese distinguished novelist Al-Tayeb Salih and translated into English by the well-known translator Denys Johnson-Davies, has been chosen as a study case to be analysed. The data collected will be categorised according to the procedures proposed by Vladimir Ivir (1997) and by the scale of domestication (translators visibility) and foreignsation (translators invisibility) proposed by Lawrence Venuti (1995/1998). The current study, however, consists of four main sections. In the first section, the background of the novel, the writer, and the translator is highlighted. Moreover, the aims of the study and the methodology are stated. The second section reviews the techniques and procedures put forwarded by different translation theorists, with special focus on Ivirs work (1997). The work of Venuti (1995/1998) is discussed in section two. The data collected from the source text and the translated text will be analysed in section three. Finally, section four contains the conclusion and the findings. 1.1 Background to Al-Tayeb Salih and The Wedding of Zein Al-Tayeb Salih (full name: Al-Tayeb Mohammed Salih Ahmed) 1929-2009. He was a well-known Sudanese novelist and short-story writer. He was born in a small village called Karmakoul in northern Sudan and died in London. Buried in Sudan, his funeral was attended by the Sudanese president. His father was Sufi and named his son after a famous Sufism sheikh. He had spent his childhood in his small village before he moved to Khartoum to get a degree in Science. Later, he moved to England and attended the University of London to get a degree in the International Political Affairs. Al-Tayeb started his career life as a headmaster for a short time before he moved to work in the Arabic section in the BBC and, later, headed the drama section in it. Then, he came back to work in the Sudanese radio before he moved to Qatar and worked as a supervisor in the Ministry of Information. He ended up the last ten years in his career life with UNESCO in Paris and Gulf Area. It is worthy mentioning here that during his work in the BBC, Al-Tayeb used to write, for more than ten years, a weekly column for a London- based Arabic magazine called al Majalla in which he explored various literary issues. Moving from one country to another and from one city to another spurs Al-Tayeb to highlight the conflict between the Western and Eastern cultures and the differences between the Arab world and the Western world in his writings. In an interview (MBC 1994), Al-Tayeb mentions that he starts his literary life as a poet and that: Ù† ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   Øلؠ³Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   Ù† ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ Øلؠ´ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ± Ùˆ Ù† Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ Ùˆ Øلؠ³ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ Ù†¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€  ØÙ† Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒËœ Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ·ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   Ø ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœ Ø ¨ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ «ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ª ØÙ† Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒËœ Ø ¬ÃƒËœÃ‚ ²ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¡ Ù†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   Øلؠ¹ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Øلؠ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã…   My translation: We, the Sudaneses, love and recite poetry because we always need to proof our affiliation to the Arab World. Al-Tayeb, who is entitled the genius of the Arabic novel in the literary circles, belongs to the modern Arabic Realistic School which includes big names like Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006) and Taha Hussein (1889- 1973) and many others. He wrote three novels and some short stories. His novels which gained a world-wide reputation and translated into many languages are: Ù†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Øلن¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¬ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Øلن° Øلؠ´Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ The season of migration to the north (1966), Ø ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ Øلؠ²Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   The wedding of Zein (1969) and Ø ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Bandarshah in two parts (1971/1979). Some critics claim that these novels form a trilogy similar to Naguib Mahfouzs famous trilogy (1956-1957). The season of migration to the north is translated into thirty languages and chosen among the best 100 novels in the world and in 2001 it is declared the best Arabic novel in the twentieth century by the Arab Literary Academy. His novel The Wedding of Zein was made into a drama in Libya and into a film by the Kuwaiti filmmaker Khalid Siddiq who won an award in the Cannes Festival in the late 1970s. In 2005, Newsweek magazine chose Al-Tayeb among the most 43 influential characters in the Arab World and despite that he did not win Noble Prize, he was always one of the strongest candidates for it. In recognition of his contribution to the Arabic literature, a film, produced by Al- Jazeera Documentary, highlighting the different stages of Al-Tayebs life has been released in his first death anniversary in February 2010. In his second death anniversary, an award named Al-Tayeb Salih International Award for Creative Writing has been launched. Ø ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ Øلؠ²Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   , or The Wedding of Zein, is Al-Tayebs second successful novel in which he mixes reality with myth to form what is called ØلوØقؠ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Øلؠ³ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Magic Realism. The novel is about a young villager called Zein. He is odd in appearance and behaviour. Sometimes he is naÃÆ' ¯ve or Darwish and sometimes you find him chasing the girls of the village from one place to another. What is funny that Zein has made a reputation for himself as the man who falls in love over and over with girls who promptly marry other men; to the point where mothers seek him out in hopes that he will draw the eye of suitors to their daughters. One aspect of Zeins strangeness is that: ÙÅ  Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ Øلؠ£ÃƒËœÃ‚ ·Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ Ù ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   Øلؠ­Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ø ¨ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ®ÃƒËœÃ…’ ولكÙ†  ÙÅ  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ° Ø £Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   Øلؠ²Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   ÙˆØلؠ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ø ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ° Ø £Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ ÙˆØلن ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ¡ ØللØØ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã…   Ø ­ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¶ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   ولØØ ¯ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ…’ Ø £Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ Ù†¦ÃƒËœ Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ Øلؠ£ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¶ÃƒËœÃ…’ ØÙ† Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¬ÃƒËœÃ‚ ± Ø ¶ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™ÃƒËœ. Ù ˆØ ¸Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ Ù†¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™ÃƒËœÃ‚ °ÃƒËœ Ø ·Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ Ø ­Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡. (Ø µÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­ÃƒËœÃ…’ Øلؠ·Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ 7:1986) as is well known, children meet life with screams. With Zein, however, it is recounted- and the authorities for this are his mother and the women who attended his birth- that no sooner did he come into this world than he burst out laughing. And so it was throughout his life. (Salih, Al-Tayeb 1969: 33). The two main characters of the novel, beside Zein, are Al-Haneen, the Sufi Sheikh, who has a good relationship with Zein and represents the mythic side of the novel and Nima, Zeins beautiful rich cousin, who is the only girl that Zein respects and cannot flirt her and she represents the realistic aspect of the novel. The main event of the novel is the marriage of Zein and Nima which shocked all people in the village because it is unusual for ugliness and poverty (Zein) to unite with beauty and richness (Nima). The events of the novel take place in a week; from the spreading of the marriage news to the wedding party which ends up the novel. A Western critic comments on The Wedding of Zein: Ùˆ Øكؠ«ÃƒËœÃ‚ ± Ù†¦ÃƒËœ ÙÅ  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¬ÃƒËœÃ‚ °ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ„¢Ã…   Øلن° Ø ·ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Øلؠ·Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ Ø µÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­ Ù Ãƒâ„¢Ã…   ØلكØ ªÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ù†¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€  Ù†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ Ø ­Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ ØلقØ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   Øلؠ°Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   ÙÅ  Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ Ø ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ØÙ† Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ ÙÅ  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Ø ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¸ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­ÃƒËœÃ‚ ©ÃƒËœÃ…’ Ùˆ ÙÅ  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€  ØلقØØ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¦ Øلن° Øلؠ¶ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™ Ùâ € ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  [1]  ÃƒËœÃ…’ ØÙˆ Ø ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ° ØÙ„Øقل Øلن° ØÙ„ØØ ¨ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  [2]  . Ø ºÃƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ± ØÙ†  Ù†¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ °ÃƒËœ Øلن¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚  ÙÅ  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ·Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã…   ØØ ³ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ÃƒËœ Ø ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ° ØلؠªÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ·Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ . Ù ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ° Ø ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœ Ù† ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¬ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¶ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   للØ ºÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ©ÃƒËœÃ…’ Ù ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   Ø ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ Øلؠ´ÃƒËœÃ‚ ®ÃƒËœÃ‚ µÃƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ª Ø ªÃƒËœÃ‚ ­ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã‚ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¸ Ø ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™Ã ƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ…’ Ùˆ ØÙ† Ãƒâ„¢Ã…   Ù„ØØ ¬ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ Ù Ãƒâ„¢Ã…   Ù†¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ °ÃƒËœ Ù† Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ù†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ø ¨ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ·ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã…   للØ ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ Ù†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   Øلؠ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ª ØÙ„ØÙ† Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ²Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ùˆ ØÙ„ØÙ†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ©ÃƒËœÃ…’ ØلؠªÃƒâ„¢Ã…   ÙÅ  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€  Ù Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒËœ كل ØÙ† ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   Ø ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ØلقÙÅ  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ©ÃƒËœÃ…’ Ø ­ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ° Ùâ €žÃ™Å  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ ØلقØØ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¦ Ø ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœ Ø ­ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ÃƒËœ Ø ¨ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¤Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚  Øلن° ØلكØ ªÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ø ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ «Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ Ù†¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ °Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ Øلؠ´ÃƒËœÃ‚ ®ÃƒËœÃ‚ µÃƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ª ØلؠªÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ ©. (Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ùˆ Ø ¢ÃƒËœÃ‚ ®ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   1981: 201-202) My translation What attracted me in Al-Tayeb Salihs way of writing is his attitude to the villagers. He sees them in a funny way and invites readers to laugh at them or, at least, smile. However, behind this attitude is a feeling of sympathy. Despite that we find these characters funny, but all of them keep their dignity. I find a refreshing whiff in this. After reading many American and English novels, readers may ask about the reason of writing about some inane characters in these novels. 1.2 A word on the translator of The Wedding of Zein Denys Johnson-Davies (1922- ), a renowned English translator of the Arabic literature, was born in Vancouver, Canada. He had spent his first years in Sudan, Egypt, Uganda, and Kenya, before he was sent to England at age 12. In 1930s, he attended Cambridge University and studied oriental languages. He started his career life with the BBC between 1941 and 1945. In the same year, he moved to Egypt to work in the British Council in Cairo as a translator and then started a journey of more than sixty years with the Arabic literature. In Cairo, he met the pioneers of the modern Arabic literature and made friendships with some many of them. In an interview, Denys states that when I arrived to Egypt in 1945, I was the only translator into English at that timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I was dictator in my field at that time and I enjoyed this. (AUC 2011).He also expresses his attitude towards translation as a profession: Translation is real hard work. Its also not appreciated. If you get your name anywh ere on the book at all, youre very lucky. I wouldve preferred to have been a writer.'(ibid.). In 2006, he published his memoirs under the title: A life between the lines of Arabic literature. In 2007, he was awarded the Sheikh Zayed Book Award as the Culture Personality of the Year. Referred to as the leading Arabic-English translator of our time by Edward Said, there is no translator in the West who conveyed the Arabic literature to the occidental reader than Denys did. His translations are not limited to one literary genre; he translated short stories, novels, plays, and poems or as he states that when I enjoy reading something, I decide to translate it (ibid.). He is also interested in Islamic studies and is co-translator of three volumes of Prophetic Hadith. Al-Tayeb Salih, however, has a special place for Denys who translated Al-Tayebs all three novels. When asked about his favorite writer to translate, Denys unhesitatingly answered Al-Tayeb Salihà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I feel that his work is very simple, very direct, and that theres nothing pretentious at all about ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I enjoy Al-Tayeb Salih works more than any other Arabic writersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I am a great fan of AL-Tayeb Salih. (ibid.). 1.3 Literary Translation Literary text, as an expressive text type by Reiss (1977/1989), has a set of typical features. Jones (2009:152) summarises a wide range of viewpoints about the features attributed to literary texts: They have a written base-form, though they may also be spoken; they enjoy canonicity (high social prestige); they fulfil an affective/aesthetic rather than transactional or informational function, aiming to provoke emotions and/or entertain rather than influence or inform; they have no real-world truth-value i.e. they are judged as fictional, whether fact-based or not; they feature words, images, etc., with ambiguous and/or indeterminable meanings; they are characterized by poetic language use (where language form is important in its own right, as with word-play or rhyme) and heteroglossia (i.e. they contain more than one voice); and they may draw on minoritized styles styles outside the dominant standard, for example slang or archaism. Depending on the above features of literary works, literary translation is unique in some aspects: First, literary texts, as opposed to non-literary texts, are characterized by rhetorical and aesthetic value, which is the essence expected to be captured and maintained in a literary translation. Literary works are created artistically by increasing the difficulty and length of perception, which leads to defamiliarization (Shklovsky, 1917, quoted in Pilkington, 2000: 18). Once the defamiliarization is comprehended by the translators or readers, a unique sensation is created. To reproduce the rhetorical and aesthetic value is one of the main tasks for literary translators. Second, literary translators choices of wording are highly dependent on the target language (TL) and culture. Literary texts are solidly rooted in the source language (SL) and culture, yet due to linguistic or cultural differences, literal translations might fail to gain acceptability. How to cope with the linguistic and cultural differences is a crucial question for literary translators. Third, a consideration of the target audiences is another important issue in literary translation. Literary translation always has a readership which is likely to be quite different from the one the writer originally had in mind. A good translation of any text from any period will, most often, only be good in the context of a particular audience at a particular time and place. A good English translation of Salihs The Wedding of Zein, for example, for people in England in 1960 might not be a good translation for people in Australia in 2010. Finally, literary translation is a complicated act, and to this effect, there is no definite correct translation; yet there is an appropriate translation according to certain criteria. Stylistic approaches to translation studies supply a theoretical perspective, which identify the style as the essence of literary translations. 1.4 Aims of the study The ultimate aim of the current research is to investigate the extent to which Denys Johnson-Davies is successful in dealing with cultural terms in his translation of The Wedding of Zein. This overall goal can be achieved through a set of research questions: 1. What are the different techniques utilised by the translator to convey Arabic cultural terms into his English translation? 2. Does the translator domesticate or foreignise his translation? 3. Does the translators overall strategy to domesticate or foreignise his translation affect his decision to use some certain techniques rather than others in conveying cultural items? 1.5 Methodology: An Integrated Approach In this research, two approaches will be combined to form the theoretical frame of my dissertation. These two approaches will work together in an attempt to answer the research questions. The first approach is Ivirs (1987) seven procedures to translate cultural items. Although many researchers have proposed different procedures and techniques to translate cultural references, Ivirs procedures have been chosen for their comprehensiveness, clearness, and directness. The other part of this integrated approach is Venutis (1995/1998) work on domestication (translators visibility) and foreignsation (translators invisibility). Ivirs procedures to translate cultural items form the lower layer of this integrated approach. They represent the tools used by the translator to reflect his overall strategy towards the text being translated. The overall strategy is the upper layer which is represented by Venutis domestication or foreignsation. In other words, any translator who is dealing with cultural terms has to make two interrelated decisions. Firstly, he needs to decide whether, depending on some certain considerations such as the reader, the place, and the time, he will domesticate or foreignise his translated text. This is a text-level decision. Secondly, and accordingly, he has to decide which specific procedure to choose to deal with every single cultural term in the text. This is a cultural term-level decision. In order to realise the mechanism of this approach, let us consider this simple example. If a translator into English decides to adopt domestication as his overall strategy (text-level decision) to translate a text from Arabic, he may convey, for example, Ø µÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ © Øلن¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ºÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ into English by defining it (cultural term-level decision) as: Maghrib Prayer, the fourth daily prayer for Muslims prayed just after the sunset. On the contrary, if he adopts foreignsation as a text-level strategy, he simply translates Ø µÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ © Øلن¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ºÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ as Maghrib Prayer.

Plotinus on The One and the Good Essay -- Plotinus The One Good Essays

Plotinus on The One and the Good In Ennead VI, 9, Plotinus discusses the nature of The One with respect to goodness, and particularly the supreme concept of goodness, which he calls the Good. The One is a model for the highest virtue or principle; however, we find that it is difficult to characterize The One in such a way because Plotinus explains that it supercedes all description that we attribute to it. While Plotinus’ account of The One is an interesting argument that develops somewhat logically, in the end, it becomes difficult to reconcile the lack of qualities of The One with Plotinus’ claim that it is the cause of existence. In his passage on The One and the Good, Plotinus begins by saying that The One is not an intellective existence, meaning that it does not think. He then states that The One does not exhibit any sort of motion because it predates motion and thought as well. This is important to the development of the rest of Plotinus’ philosophy because it provides the context that The One existed before both thought and material objects. The reason for the latter is because motion is fundamental to matter and The One existed before motion. Plotinus continues and states that The One is not in a state of ignorance despite its lack of knowledge or thought. The reason for this is because ignorance requires knowledge to be ignorant of, and The One existed before knowledge. â€Å"Ignorance presupposes a dual relationship: one does not know another. But The One, in its aloneness, can neither know nor be ignorant of anything.† The One exists, therefore, effectively at a time before time existed. The only way to characterize The One’s state at that point is that it existed... ...ast sound instantly passed between the future and the past, it only existed in the future which was when we heard it. Therefore, even if the present has no time value, it is a reference point for all time that has passed. Augustine’s conflict between people being able to measure time and the difficulty in doing so is understandable because of his perspective on the present. He claims sensibly that the present moment has no overall value, but that doesn’t mean that in it we can’t assign points in time that pass and compare them. His conclusion arises because he doesn’t consider the possibility that time of something in the past still has value in the future as long as the difference between its start and end points are known. It is not surprising that he excludes this possibility, however, because he believes that time in the past is immeasurable.