Free Essays on Effective Teaching

that begin with the letter â€Å"b† or emphasizing nursery rhymes). The authors also discuss that it is important to keep students busy by providing them with activities that are going to be challenging. Key Points In this article, several important strategies regarding effective teaching of literacy are addressed. They include: 1. Classroom Organization – The teacher should use a combination of whole class, group and individual teaching. The article suggests that it is important to group students according to the needs of the students in the group. The teacher needs to organize the literacy lesson to accomplish that goal. 2. Task Setting – The teacher needs to prepare the lesson plans well and provide challenges to students to gain new skills and knowledge about literacy. 3. Task Content – The teacher needs to be aware of each student’s ability and try to match the needs of each student appropriately. 4. Teaching Skills – The teacher should spend the majority of classroom time teaching students and observing their works. 5. Pace – The teacher needs to learn what reading ability each student has. Then, the teacher needs to develop a pace for the students to learn. 6. Modeling – The teacher should demonstrate literacy by reading out loud to the students, demonstrating enjoyment for writing and reading. 7. Teacher-Pupil Interactions – The teacher can help the student by interacting, observing and providing feedbac... Free Essays on Effective Teaching Free Essays on Effective Teaching Fox, R., Medwell, J., Poulson, L., & Wray, D. (2000). The teaching practices of effective teachers of literacy. Education Review, 52, 75-84. Summary I reviewed a journal article entitled, The Teaching Practices of Effective Teachers of Literacy (Fox, Medall, Poulson, & Wray, 2000). In this article the authors discuss effective teaching practices of literacy teachers. These practices include assisting students in making connections between text, sentences or words (for example, writing words that begin with the letter â€Å"b† or emphasizing nursery rhymes). The authors also discuss that it is important to keep students busy by providing them with activities that are going to be challenging. Key Points In this article, several important strategies regarding effective teaching of literacy are addressed. They include: 1. Classroom Organization – The teacher should use a combination of whole class, group and individual teaching. The article suggests that it is important to group students according to the needs of the students in the group. The teacher needs to organize the literacy lesson to accomplish that goal. 2. Task Setting – The teacher needs to prepare the lesson plans well and provide challenges to students to gain new skills and knowledge about literacy. 3. Task Content – The teacher needs to be aware of each student’s ability and try to match the needs of each student appropriately. 4. Teaching Skills – The teacher should spend the majority of classroom time teaching students and observing their works. 5. Pace – The teacher needs to learn what reading ability each student has. Then, the teacher needs to develop a pace for the students to learn. 6. Modeling – The teacher should demonstrate literacy by reading out loud to the students, demonstrating enjoyment for writing and reading. 7. Teacher-Pupil Interactions – The teacher can help the student by interacting, observing and providing feedbac...

Top 10 Online Tools for Writers

Top 10 Online Tools for Writers Top 10 Online Tools for Writers Top 10 Online Tools for Writers By Ali Hale All writers need a helping hand now and again – and having the best tools at your fingertips can make a huge difference. I’ve picked my favourite tools that will work for almost all writers – whether you’re a blogger, a novelist, a freelancer, or (like me) a bit of everything. We’ll take a look at: Four tools to help you focus when you’re writing – for many writers, this is the biggest challenge! Four tools to help you store your writing safely (and collaborate with others, too). Two nifty tools you’ve almost certainly not come across before. Of course, I’d love to hear about your favourite tools too – feel free to leave a comment below. Note: I’ve tried to avoid having much overlap with my list of tools to help you write the perfect essay, so you might want to take a look at that too (particularly for suggestions of tools that’ll help you edit). Tools to Help You Focus These four tools are all ones that’ll help you stay on task with your writing. In a world of distractions, it can be surprisingly difficult to just sit down and write. #1: Noisli (free), from Noisli While I generally like listening to Metallica while I write, sometimes I want a slightly more chilled-out vibe. Nosili is a great online tool that allows you to create your own combinations of background noise to help you focus. I like a combination of â€Å"wind† and â€Å"leaves† but you might prefer something else entirely. (Just don’t get so distracted experimenting that you forget to actually write!) Tip: If you’re really into the coffee shop sounds, try Coffitivity, an online tool that â€Å"recreates the ambient sounds of a cafe to boost your creativity and help you work better.† #2: Zen Pen (free), from Tim Holman Most writing apps come with lots of extra options, in menu bars or sidebars. There are plenty of online tools, though, that offer a â€Å"distraction-free† writing environment – and Zen Pen is one of the best options. In Zen Pen, you can do some minimal formatting (bold and italic text, and links) by highlighting text and clicking a button on the tiny menu that pops up. If you’re writing, say, a blog post, this is very handy but non-intrusive. You can save your work (in HTML, plain text, or Markdown), or you can simply copy and paste it into a wordprocessing program or your blog editor – the formatting should remain intact. Tip: If you prefer to write offline, try Dark Room (for Windows): I used it to draft the whole of my first novel. It’s a distraction-free plain text writing environment, and comes in a fetchingly retro green-on-black – you can change the colour scheme under Edit Preferences, though, if you prefer something different. #3: RescueTime (free), from RescueTime I’ve tried a bunch of different time-trackers over the years, and RescueTime is the one I keep coming back to. As well as the online interface, you’ll need to install the app on your computer (or other devices, if you want to track your time in multiple places). It’ll record exactly how long you spend on different activities – including tracking specific websites, so you can see where your time is going. If you’re a bit prone to getting distracted, or if you can’t quite figure out why you’re not getting more writing done when you’re at your desk, RescueTime is a great app to try out. You might be surprised or even a bit dismayed by how you’re actually using your time. (I’m tend to find that I spend less time writing in Word than I think and rather more time in my web browser than I’d have estimated!) Tip: The premium version of RescueTime gives you a lot more features – for instance, it allows you to track and label time you’ve spent away from the computer. For most writers, though, the free version is a great way to become more aware of your habits and how you’re spending your time. #4: Write or Die (free), Dr Horrible If you spend too much time staring at the screen, trying to come up with the perfect sentence, then Write or Die is for you! If you stop writing for too long, your screen turns red and it plays a horrible squeaking/screeching noise – a great incentive to start typing again. There a definite gamification vibe going on here, with a â€Å"Leaderboard† of top writers (each identified only by their auto-generated username). You can even set Write or Die to â€Å"Kamikaze† mode, where it’ll start deleting your words if you stop typing for more than a few seconds (don’t worry, it deletes them quite slowly and it stops as soon as you begin typing again). The homepage of the Write or Die website has a lot going on: all you need to do to get going with your writing, though, is to click the â€Å"Ready† button on the bottom left. Tip: If horrible noises and a bright red screen are more terrifying than motivating for you, you can also use Write or Die in â€Å"reward† mode, where you get regular pictures of kittens and encouraging purrs. Places to Keep Your Writing There are plenty of online tools that you can use to store your writing or even to publish it. These are a few of my favourites. #5: Google Docs (free), Google As a freelancer, I use Google Docs a lot: several of the blog editors I work with want my posts as a Google Doc. This allows them to work on the post as a team – often, one person will do edits, another will source images and format the post, and so on. Even if you won’t be working collaboratively with others, Google Docs can be a great tool. It means you can access your work from anywhere with an internet connection – very handy if you might sometimes be writing, say, during your lunch hour at work, or at a computer in your local library. Tip: Chances are, you already have a Google account (maybe you created it to use for Chrome or YouTube, or your Android phone). If you don’t, you can create one here. #6: Evernote (free), Evernote Corporation If you have a lot of different writing ideas, plans, checklists, and so on Evernote is a great place to store them. I use it for almost everything: my blogging content calendar, lists of blog post ideas, the next steps I need to take with marketing my novel, writing my short newsletter articles, and more! With Evernote, you can create multiple â€Å"notebooks† to hold your content (though the search feature is very helpful and I don’t tend to bother filing my notes very assiduously). Notes can include all the formatting you’re likely to want – and you can even include images or video. You can sign into Evernote from any device using the web interface, and you can install the Evernote app on your computer / tablet / phone so you can read and write notes offline. You can also share notes with other Evernote users – or email them to anybody, direct from Evernote. Tip: If you want to use the Evernote app on more than two devices, you’ll need to pay to upgrade to a premium account. However, if you’re happy using the web interface, you can login from as many extra devices as you want for free! #7: Dropbox (free), Dropbox, Inc. Dropbox lets you store your files on your computer and in the cloud, painlessly syncing them whenever you save anything into your Dropbox folder. It’s a really easy system to use – and you can share Dropbox folders with other people. It works with any type of file – I keep all sorts in my Dropbox folder, from baby photos (.jpgs) to blog posts (.docx) to Scrivener files (.scriv). Obviously, you’ll need the right software on your computer/device to actually open the files. You can access Dropbox from any computer by signing in on the web, so even if you’re travelling, you can still get all your files. Plus, if your computer suddenly dies on you – you won’t lose all your files. Tip: If you install the Dropbox app on your computer, saving your files to Dropbox is very simple: just save them as normal, into the Dropbox folder. (You can create as many subfolders as you want.) Dropbox is basically the equivalent of a â€Å"My Documents† folder for me. #8: WordPress (free), WordPress Foundation You’ve probably heard of WordPress and it’s a great tool for many different writers. You don’t necessarily have to be a blogger in order to use WordPress: you might want to use it to create a simple one-page website, for instance. I rarely write straight into WordPress – I prefer to draft in Word or Evernote – but there’s no reason not to. If you’re working from several different computers, you can easily login to WordPress and carry on with a draft post wherever you left off. There are plenty of other blogging platforms out there, of course – but having tried a few, I definitely feel that WordPress is the best. Tip: There are two types of WordPress: hosted (WordPress.com) and self-hosted (WordPress.org). If you don’t want to register a domain name and pay for your own hosting, WordPress.com will suit you best; if you want lots of features and full control, go with WordPress.org. Other Handy Tools Finally, I wanted to share two nifty little tools that you almost certainly won’t have heard of – but that you might find yourself growing to love. #9: Texthandler (free), Mykhailo Dovzhyk Texthandler is a simple tool that can help with some common and frustrating editing tasks, particularly if you’re preparing lengthy documents – like a book manuscript – for publication. Do you put two spaces after each period by habit (even though you know it’s not the accepted modern style)? If so, just write in the way that comes naturally, then use Texthandler to strip out all those double spaces and replace them with single spaces. It’s super-fast! (The main drawback here is that Texthandler uses plain text only, so if you copy and paste your beautifully formatted blog post, you’ll lose all your subheadings, bold text, and so on.) Texthandler can do a lot more, too, like removing line breaks that have appeared in the middle of paragraphs – a very common issue when you’re trying to copy and paste from a .pdf. Tip: Texthandler is a fairly bare-bones tool, and it may take you a few minutes to figure out the right options to use for what you’re trying to do. If you don’t get the results you expected the first time round, try selecting / checking different options beneath the box where you paste your text. #10:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Take Three Nouns† Writing Prompt (free), WritingExercises.co.uk I co-ordinate a (rather sporadic) writing group, and quite often, we use this tool for group writing exercises. It’s a fun way to come up with writing prompts, and it works easily on my phone, so I don’t need to prepare anything in advance. Simply click the button, and use the three nouns you get to write a story – or a poem, a blog post, or whatever else you want to work on. If the words you get don’t inspire you at all, click the button again to get fresh ones. Which of these tools do you need in your writing life? Give them a go today! If there’s a different tool you love, just let us know in the comments below. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†The Six Spellings of "Long E"Ebook, eBook, ebook or e-book?

The Impact of the Ottoman Empire on Europe's and Turkey's Essay

The Impact of the Ottoman Empire on Europe's and Turkey's architecture, gouvernment and life - Essay Example The major areas where the Ottoman caused impacts in Europe and Turkey include architecture, government, and general life of the citizens. This research paper focuses on how the Ottoman Empire changed and influenced the architecture, politics and social life in Europe and Turkey. The Ottoman Empire constituted one of the three empires that were most outstanding in the world. The other two empires of the world along with the Ottoman Empire were the Roman Empire and the British Empire1. The Ottoman Empire acquired several benefits from the already established states of Turkey. The states had already underwent a lot of establishment, thus, the Ottoman Empire used some of their resources for internal growth and development. One unique feature about the empire was that it was always attracted to ways of life of the West. Additionally, the Ottoman Empire did not have any prejudgements about anyone and bore with all forms of religious and ethnic groups within its operation regions. The founding, rising and advancement of the Ottoman Empire underwent actualisation using a well-designed plan and program. The plan for actualisation was founded on the principles of both spiritual and worldly realities in the state philosophy. The success and influence of the Ottoman Em pire was possible due to sharing the central and local leadership responsibilities with all ethnic and religious colleagues. The history of Ottoman Empire has its tracings back to a Turkish tribal chieftain known as Othman (Osman). The Seljuk Empire in Anatolia collapsed in the late thirteenth century, which led to it being divided into many states. Sogut was one of the states and its founder was Ertugrul. Osman was his son and it is after his death he took over and built the Ottoman Empire. The empire was grounded on the Islam religion. It was during the fourteenth century that he founded this empire originally known as Osmanli, but later through an evolution in

Summery Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summery - Article Example While the supporters of the concept tries to establish the fact that the diversified work force have positive impact over the productivity of the organization and therefore directly contributes toward the increased revenue and productivity of the organization, many others do not subscribe to the fact. While the entire industry, both from the functional as well as academia, accepts that work place as well as work force diversity are the most upcoming concepts that is implementing sea change in the industry, many of the scholar and the managers do not agree that such diversity is always helpful and should be most sought for the organizations. Many of them points out that diversified work force do not have any specific attribute rather is just a strategy for the multi – national corporations and other organizations to comply with the government regulations as well as to comply with the demands of the pressure groups. The article of the Issue 7, ‘Is Diversity in the Workplace a Worthwhile Goal for Corporations?’ is undoubtedly one of the most discussed and debated topics of the present world of today. The article clearly encapsulates the fact that while many of the leaders of the managerial as well as the academic fraternity supports the syndrome of diversified work force, many others perceives that such diversity does not have any positive impact over the productivity and the profitability of the organization. The article sums up the view point of Nancy R. Lockwood and Roger Clegg. The belief of Nancy R. Lockwood can be studied from HR Magazine that was published in the June of 2005 and Roger Clegg penned down his belief in the National Review Online on 21st January of 2002 with the heading of ‘Diversity Nonsense’. The recent trade in the job market of the United States clearly depicts the change in the structure and trends of the employee force. Even

Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power Essay Example for Free

Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power Essay The release and development of the enormous energy potential locked in the atomic nucleus signified a key revolution in scientific research in the 20th century. With great potential and optimism of developing a pollution free unlimited supply of energy, nuclear technology was ushered into the 21st century where it has become embroiled in unending debates. Nuclear power is a clean source of energy, the raw material is sustainable and the magnitude of power output is extremely large and efficient. Opponents have been quick to recount the costs of initial investment, the risks and safety loopholes and the more fearsome proliferation of nuclear weapons as the major detriments to exploitation of nuclear energy. This paper offers a succinct and informed analysis on the cons and pros of nuclear power exploitation and the potentialities that exist in the future exploitation of nuclear power. With genuine interest and adherence to rigorous and stringent constraints, safety in design and construction and global informed decision making, the setbacks to nuclear exploitation can be effectively ameliorated. In classical thermodynamics, energy is the capacity or ability to do work. Practically, energy is the major driving force of development in post modern civilizations. Energy is the main ingredient to economic, social and political prosperity. Gradual increases in demands of energy for production purposes has put a strain on non renewable sources of energy such as fossil fuels; the most predominant sources of energy(Richardson, 1996). Decreases in oil, natural gas and coal reserves have prompted a paradigm shift to other forms of energy such as wind energy, solar energy and nuclear power to help replenish energy shortages as well as create a reserve for growing industrial energy demand(Nersesian, 2007). Increasing global energy demands and environmental pollution coupled with the prospect of declining and eventual depletion of non renewable energy resources is the sustainable incentive towards to exploitation of a clean, more efficient and sustainable energy solution to meet the global demand. Even though solar energy and wind energy present a cleaner more sustainable energy option, the magnitude of global energy demand can only be offset by nuclear power production(Conant, 1979). In simple terms it takes a certain amount of energy to make another form of energy. Combustion of oil produces a certain amount of energy that is much higher than when coal undergoes combustion. Nuclear energy consumes the least amount of fuel energy to release a huge out put of electricity(Nersesian, 2007). This makes nuclear power the most cost effective form of power production and it does not contribute to environmental pollution so long as the nuclear waste is disposed off according to compliance standards, the risk of radiative exposure is reduces through installation of security measures(Dell et al, 2004). In this era of climate change and global warming, nuclear power; a green energy source is a godsend necessary to limit and considerably reduce the release of green house gases and other toxic elements into the atmosphere and the ozone layer. In 1977, the Kyoto Protocol negotiated by the Framework Convention on Climate Change(FCCC) agreed in principle to institute steps aimed at the reduction of green house gases. The center piece of such a resolution undoubtedly rested on the transformation from non renewable sources of energy to renewable sources of energy. Only fission, wind solar, decarbonized fossil fuels, wind and biomass have the capacity to provide a steady supply of carbon free energy. To a large extent only fission energy is commercially feasible and cost effective, the other have significant economic and technical handicaps. Nuclear energy remains the only viable option that can be fully exploited to reduce green house gas emissions to near minimum emissions while maintaining a reliable and consistent supply of carbon free electric energy supply to meet the world energy demand(B. van der Zwaan et al, 1999). Apart from the initial capital investments involved in construction, monitoring, insurance and decommission, nuclear power production is relatively inexpensive. Uranium; the raw material in nuclear reactors is less expensive than any form of fossil fuel. Because subsequent production costs are reduced, nuclear power is a less expensive source of electricity. The magnitude of energy produced makes it more reliable and consistent energy source. Other sources of renewable energy supply are so limited as to be of very little economic benefit. For this reason countries are extending the lifespan of older nuclear reactors while constructing new ones. This has led to a progressive reduction in the costs incurred in nuclear energy production. There are more specific reasons that attest to this trend. Countries have succeeded in developing and adopting a more superior choice of nuclear technology, efficiency in construction and operation management, low costs of decommissioning in the United States and Western Europe have ensured that green technologies like nuclear power become the future global energy solution(Griffin, 2003). Despite being one of the most efficient energy production technology, nuclear power production is plagued by a myriad of issues. Some of these issues are ,specific in nature but a majority are basically non specific and are manly driven by lack of adequate technical and scientific know how or even fear . Specific issues revolve around licensing regulations and safety. Safety concerns are ideally resolvable and include fatigue of the piping system in much older plants, fire protection system, issues that concern the degradation of the reactor pressure vessel as a result of neutron irradiation. Those opposed to the building of more nuclear power plants advocate for an uprating of the power output of those plants that are currently in operation(Angelo, 2004). Global terrorism is putting more strain on the regulation of nuclear production for fear of proliferation of nuclear weapons in unstable states and the acquisition of nuclear production knowledge by extremists , fundamentalists and terrorists or suicidal fanaticism(B. van der Zwaan et al, 1999). However, such fears are obviated by the defense in depth philosophy employed in the design and construction of nuclear power production facilities. Nuclear plants are primarily designed to protect the public from radiation exposure. For terrorists to attack such plants then it would mean that their primary aim is not to cause mass civilian deaths but sabotage the power production. Moreover, these facilities have a vehicle barrier systems designed to deter against truck bombs. Advanced security systems cordon off restricted areas from any form of intrusion or unauthorized entry. Nuclear facilities are immune and more resistant to aerial attacks than any other civilian security or energy installation. After the September 11 attacks, the United States government installed additional protection measures and carried out studies to determine the extent of damage to a nuclear plant should it be struck by a large aircraft as in the World Trade Center attacks. Results affirmed that no considerable damage was envisioned because such an explosion would not be able to penetrate and affect the nuclear fuel or even penetrate into the nuclear facility to cause any radiation release(Angelo, 2004; US National Energy Council, 2003). Nuclear accidents and safety issues have remained to be the most pressing, highly visible issues because accidents generally release nuclear radiations that affect the general public. Nuclear facilities are required to completely prevent radioactive release into the environment. Fear of potential exposure to radiations is still being propelled by two notable nuclear reactor accidents. In 1979, the Mile Island accident in the United States caused severe destruction to the facility although no external human or environmental health was recorded. This was only possible because the reactor had installed a safety containment vessel. In 1986, the Chernobyl nuclear plant in Ukraine accident caused disastrous human and environmental effects. Lack of a safety containment vessel, glaring human errors and poor reactor design was to blame for the extent of the destruction. 31 employees and emergency response personnel lost their lives from acute radiation sickness. The environmental consequences were spread throughout the Soviet Union. Effects were also felt in parts of Europe and even across vast regions of the Northern Hemisphere (Angelo, 2004). The facts behind the detrimental effects caused by the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accidents pointed to gross design and operational defects(Evans, 1984). Such defects are not applicable to modern nuclear reactors that undergo rigorous and stringent compliance tests but the Chernobyl accident still drives popular misconceptions that emanate from nuclear neurosis or radiation phobia as some psychologists prefer to refer to the misconception syndrome. However, issues about nuclear safety should not be stashed aside and the status quo in safety left to reign. Safety in nuclear energy production should be a continuous improvement exercise because radiologic accidents inflict profound psychosocial impacts along and across the societal strata. Emergency response and evacuation mechanisms are a prerequisite to any operating reactor plant. The trends of evacuation and health care assistance in the aftermath of a reactor accident is a determinant of the level of psychosocial impacts that will manifest in the society long after the accident. Disorderly evacuation, panic driven movements by the surrounding community and general public panic stimulate unwarranted societal anxiety. It is these impacts that tend to propagate indecision on the level of safety a nuclear plant can attain(Foreman, 1970). Economically, nuclear energy production costs are comparatively lower when compared with other sources of energy. However, initial investment capital is enormous(Kursunoglu et al, 2000). The costs incurred in construction, monitoring, insurance and decommission are extremely high hence creating opposition to investments in nuclear power(Domenici, 2007). Because the efficiency of nuclear energy is not under any doubts, a broad based strategy program is essential to ameliorate the concerns about initial cost of investments, risks involved in energy production, waste disposal problems and the fear of proliferation of nuclear weapons. Conclusion Recent developments in the nuclear technology and the continuing threat of nuclear warfare has stimulated fresh intellectual debates on the benefits of nuclear technology to the existence of mankind. Even when used for civilian production of energy, nuclear technology conjures up a real threat to world peace the oldest wish for humanity since the onset of human civilization. Nuclear power is the most potent force for human annihilation and it gets even more scary when such a tool is placed is accessible for suicidal fanaticism. When used unwisely, it may prove to be a deadly weapon that is capable of trashing human civilizations and making real the undying fear of nuclear apocalypse. Regional nuclear warfare and nuclear nuclear terrorism can only be forestalled or completely eliminated when humanity works together for a common purpose that is beneficial to each and every head on the surface of this earth. Human beings have an innate responsibility to do all in their power as human beings to use nuclear technology to advance the cause of modern civilization in power generation, medicine, agriculture, research, industrial applications and space exploration. Nuclear power should be harnessed properly with the genuine cause of building a sustainable planetary civilization that spans beyond the ends of the earth into the uncharted territories of the solar system. Rigorous and stringent constraints, safety in design and construction and a global informed decision making is a prerequisite to nuclear power exploitation. References Angelo, A. Joseph. (2004). Nuclear Technology. p. 439-443 B. van der Zwaan. , Hill, C. R. , Mechelyncj, A. L. , Ripka, G. (Eds). (1999). Nuclear Energy: Promise or Peril? Conant, Melvin. (1979). Access to Energy: 2000 and After. p. 85 Dell, Ronald. , Anthony, David. , Rand, James. (2004). Clean Energy. RSC Clean Technology Monographs. p. 68-76 Domenici, P. V. (2007). A Brighter Tomorrow: Fulfilling the Promise of Nuclear Energy. p. 4 Evans, Nigel, Hope, Chris. (1984). Nuclear Power: Futures, Costs and Benefits. p. 8, 151 Foreman, Harry. (1970). Nuclear Power and the Public. p. 209 Griffin, James, M. (2003). Global Climate Change: The Science, Economics and Politics. p. 237 Kursunoglu, Behram, Stephan L. Mintz, Arnold Perlmutter. (2000). The Challenges to Nuclear Power in the Twenty-first Century. p. 94 Nersesian, L. Roy. (2007). Energy in the 21st Century: A Comprehensive Guide to Conventional and Alternative Sources. p. 15-26 Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power. http://www. greenenergyhelpfiles. com/articles/20. htm Richardson, Mervyn. (1996). Risk Reduction: Chemicals and Energy Into the 21st Century. p. 234-246 United States National Council of Energy. (2003). Energy and Transportation: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. p. 49. National Research Council (U. S. ). Organizing Committee for the Workshop on Energy and Transportation, National Research Council (U. S. ), National Research Council

Female Genital Mutilation Essay -- History Human Rights Research Paper

Female Genital Mutilation Female Genital Mutilation is believed to have started in Egypt 2,000 years ago and spread from there. Only a few years ago, FGM was considered a cultural tradition, but now the United Nations has labeled it as a violation of human rights. Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, and the United States has declared Female Genital Mutilation grounds for seeking asylum and is a punishable offense (1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of us never heard of Female Genital Mutilation until the story of Kauziya Kasinga, a woman from West Africa. Her father did not believe in polygamy, forced marriage, or "female circumcision". He died when she was 17 and the father's sister inherited the home, banished the mother, ended Fauziya's schooling, and arranged a marriage as a fourth wife to a man she had never met. The aunt scheduled her for the circumcision and she ran with 3,000 dollars that one of her aunts had saved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is female circumcision? The female genital mutilation term covers three main varieties of genital mutilation (2). There is the "sunna circumcision"; this consists of removal of the prepuce and/or the tip of the clitoris. Ironically, sunna in Arabic means "tradition". This is done because it is believed that the clitoris is a very dangerous part of the female anatomy. In our culture, Freud stated in his book, Sexuality and the Psychology of Love, that the "elimination of clitoral sexuality is a necessary precondition for the development of femininity. In 1979, the "Love Surgery" was performed on women in the United Sates. Dr. James Burt, the "Love Surgeon", introduced "clitoral relocation" (sunna circumcision) to the medical field. He believed and acted upon the idea that excision does not prevent sexual pleasure, but enhances it. Dr. Burt practiced in Ohio for almost ten years before he was exposed after which he gave up his license.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clitoridectomy, also referred to as excision, removes the entire clitoris and the removal of the labia. Thirdly, there is a procedure called an infibulation. This is the most extreme form of circumcision, it consists of the removal of the clitoris, the labia, and the joining of the scraped sides of the vulva across the vagina, where they are secured with thorns or sewn with thread. A small opening is kept to allow passage of urine and menstrual blood. A woman with this type of circumcision must be cut ... ...is "absolutely certain that if similar tortures were inflicted on boy children the whole world would rise up to stop it by all means". Works Cited 1. Atrocities Against Women: Female Genital Mutilation. Mason, Marcia L. Sept. 1995. HTTP://WWW.WORLDCITIZEN.ORG/ISSUES 2. FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION: AN INTRODUCTION. National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers FGM Awareness and Education Project. Box 2512 San Anselmo, CA 94979 3. Female Genital Mutilation. http://www.hollyfeld.org 4. Female Genital Mutilation. http://www.hollyfeld.org 5. Associated Press Article, Feb 1998, web site found at http://www.feminist.org/news/newsbyte/february98/0218.html 6. Female Mutilation in Africa, Middle East and Far East; anon. http://www.religioustolerance.org/fem_cirm.htm 7. ABU-SAHLIEH Sami, "To Mutilate in the Name of Jehovah or Allah: Legitimization of Male and Female Circumcision: available online at Http://wwwhollyfeld.org 8. Nawal El-Saadawi, "The Hidden Face of Eve, Women in the Arab World," translated and edited by Sherif Hettata, Zed Press, London, 1980, pg.33 9. The Women's Watch, Spring 1996 Vol. 22 No. 2, pg.44-49. Fran Hosken, Editor.

Comparative Paper of Race/Ethnicity Essay

Racial background and ethnicities are represented in the short stories â€Å"Country Lovers†, â€Å"The Welcome Table†, and the poem â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl†. All of these stories have a main character or protagonist black female. All three of these women deal with some degree of discrimination because of their color. The hardships that these women suffer during their life can be suffered by anyone but growing up in a discriminatory situation creates a more dramatic story. The main themes in â€Å"Country Lovers† are love and racial politics. Country Lovers was written during a time when Africa was suffering from racial segregation. This story has irony throughout the entire story. Thebedi and Paulus grow up together and they fall in love. They grew up in Africa during the apartheid when their country did not allow interracial relationships. Paulus Eysendyck was the son of the farm owner and Thebedi’s father worked on that farm. They both knew they could not be together publicly. During the apartheid in Africa it was illegal to have an interracial relationship. There are several dramatic effects in this story. The first is when the narrator talks about Paulus going away to school â€Å"This usefully coincides with the age of twelve or thirteen; so that by the time early adolescence is reached, the black children are making along with the bodily changes common to all, an easy transition to adult forms of address, beginning to call their old playmates missus and baasie little master† (Clungston, 2010). There’s loss of innocence and forbidden love as described here when Paulus watches Thebedi wade in the water â€Å"The schoolgirls he went swimming with at dams or pools on neighbouring farms wore bikinis but the sight of their dazzling bellies and thighs in the sunlight had never made him feel what he felt now when the girl came up the bank and sat beside him, the drops of water beading off her dark legs the only points of light in the earth–smelling deep shade† (Clungston, 2010). This love would by any other means be normal, but since it is during the apartheid it is against the law. Eventually, Thebedi becomes pregnant at eighteen with Paulus’s child. In order to protect herself Thebedi marries another man, Njabulo a laborer on the Eysendyck farm, like her father. When Paulus returns home on holiday he learns of the child, fearing that it is his, knowing the legal issues he could face, he goes to see the child. When Paulus sees the child â€Å"He struggled for a moment with a grimace of tears, anger, and self–pity. He said, â€Å"You haven’t been near the house with it? † (Clungston, 2010) Both Paulus and Thebedi know the consequences if the child is found out about. Two days later Paulus returns to Thebedi’s hut and drowns the child. The baby had been given a proper burial until â€Å"someone—one of the other labourers? their women? —had reported that the baby was almost white, that, strong and healthy, it had died suddenly after a visit by the farmer’s son†(Clungston, 2010). In the end, a trial resulted in a â€Å"not guilty† verdict because of insufficient proof. Each one of these events is dramatic. The main themes of â€Å"The Welcome Table† are impartial Christ-like love and racism. Walker’s story â€Å"The Welcome Table† never mentions a table except under the title it quotes an old spiritual. We are never given a name of the old woman in this story. This creates anonymity about the woman; this is tragic because she is unknown. Based on the description of the woman’s clothes the idea is given that â€Å"Perhaps she had known suffering â€Å"(Walker, 1973). In the story of the old black woman is described as, â€Å"the color of poor gray Georgia earth, beaten by king cotton and the extreme weather† (Walker, 1973). This old Black woman is on a mission. Even though there is no table in this story, the welcome table is a metaphor for impartial love. The old woman heads into a house of god expecting it to have impartial love. The church people discriminated against her because she is black. The good church folk are shocked. The reverend reminds her gently saying â€Å"Auntie, you know this is not your church† (Walker, 1973). The old woman thinks â€Å"as if one could choose the wrong one† (Walker, 1973). She brushes past them all and finds a seat near the back. Inside it is very cold, colder than usual. She ignores the request of an usher, referring to her as grandma, who asks her to leave. The ladies, who are celebrating the impartial love that they presumably have, finally insist and their husbands hurl her out. She is stunned, bewildered, and starts to sing a sad song. Then she notices something coming down â€Å"the long gray highway. † She grins toothlessly and giggles with joy. For it is none other than Jesus, and he is walking toward her. When he came close, he said, â€Å"Follow me† and the old woman â€Å"bounded down to his side with all the bob and speed of one so old†(Walker, 1973). The two of them walk on together. She tells him her troubles, and he listens kindly, smiling warmly. Jesus provides her with the welcome table. The people in the church never knew what happened to her. Some said they saw her jabbering to herself and walking off down the highway all alone. â€Å"They guessed maybe she had relatives across the river, some miles away, but none of them really knew. † The theme in this story is racism and hardship. Smiths poem gives the audience a view into a young girls transition from being a black girl into becoming a black woman during a time when both being a black girl and a black woman are unwelcomed. An Explication: From transition to disappointment. The poem â€Å"What it’s like to be a Black Girl (for those of you who aren’t)† by Patricia Smith, is exactly as it is described in the title. Smiths poem gives the audience an insider’s view into a young black girl’s transition into black woman-hood at a time where both being a black girl and a black woman was not as welcomed. Puberty is usually described by the biological changes a young boy or girl’s body goes through. Smith writes, â€Å"It’s being 9 years old and feeling like you’re not finished,† and â€Å"like your edges are wild, like there’s something, everything, wrong† (Smith, 1991). Though all teens have these thoughts in Smiths poem the black girl also have the added pressures of a racially unjust society. This â€Å"black girl† she refers to in her poem is feeling the awkwardness of her newly changing body and the hope of something different and maybe better to come. The poem tells the story of a young black girl exploring and experiencing what it is to become a black woman in a society that tells her to be white is better. â€Å"It’s dropping food coloring in your eyes to make them blue and suffering their burn in silence. It’s popping a bleached white mophead over the kinks of your hair and primping in front of the mirrors that deny your reflection. † (Smith, 1991) The food coloring in her eyes and the bleached hair symbolize her need to be accepted by society’s idea of proper. â€Å"It’s flame and fists and life according to Motown† (Smith, 1991). The life she knows is Motown music, racial slurs, and fighting. Between â€Å"jumping double Dutch until your legs pop† and â€Å"growing tall and wearing a lot of white† (Smith, 1991) the poem tells us how a young black girl balances her changing body, with her child-like mentality. The wearing of a lot of white is her wearing of the wedding gown often seen as a symbol of womanhood. On that day, she’s starts the next chapter in her life, as a married woman. When Smith talks about â€Å"having a man reach out for you and caving in around his fingers† (Smith, 1919) it gives the reader a better observation of the subservient mentality women dealt with during the 1960’s. Finally, this young black girl is now a woman. Throughout the poem, Smith has helped us to see the transition from a black girl to a black woman. With Smiths’ attention to detail, the reader is able to follow the girl’s changes, both biological and psychological. This poem tells the story of a young black girl’s journey and her experiences while becoming a grown black woman in an era of racial uncertainty. All three women are survivors of a life of racial unjust. These stories are common to everyday life changes and lessons. These hardships, that everyone normally sees, are much more dramatic in a society that discriminates against color. References: Clugston, R. W. , (2010). Journey into Literature. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Retrieved March 20, 2011 from https://content. ashford. edu/books/AUENG125. 10. 2/sections/h3. 2? search=Country%20Lovers Walker, A. , (1973). In Love & Trouble: Stories of Black Women. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 81-87. Smith, P. , (1991). Life According to Motown. What it’s Like to Be a Black Girl (for those of you who aren’t). Tia Chucha Press.

Oscar Wilds Personality In Different Characters English Literature Essay

The Reflections of Oscar Wild ‘s Personality in Different Fictional characters:Oscar Wild as a individual drew a great trade of attending with his decisive assessments of the society and aestheticism. As an writer, Wild has written assorted dramas, such as Salome, An Ideal Husband, and The Sphinx among others. However, in his full calling as an writer, Wilde published merely a individual novel The Picture of Dorain Gray and used it to exemplify his ain personality. The novel has been labeled a book of love, pleasance, orgy, corruptness of artlessness and above all insanity. The novel is based on Dorain Gray as the chief character ; it revolves around his psyche, the reverberations of his picks, and his ultimate and ill-timed decease. Wilde was a talented aesthete, overpoweringly affected by beauty and inconspicuously subscribed to flamboyant dressing and criterions of life ( Ellman, 136 ) . The subjects in the novel incited intense indignation from several modern-day referees. Wilde ‘s response to the unfavorable judgment was that all work forces saw their ain wickednesss in Dorain Gray. Alongside the chief Dorain Gray, there are other chief characters Basil Hallward and Lord Henry who are used in portraying the writer ‘s character. The two characters are utile in exposing the writer ‘s love for beauty and juvenility ( Mantoine, 101 ) . Based on the brilliant creative person ‘s picture of a handsome and vernal Dorain Gray by Basil Hallward ; Gray finds peace of bosom from the vernal artlessness in the picture. However, Gray ‘s peace is shattered when he realizes that the beauty and juvenility in the picture is merely an semblance. The picture will merely go a jeer of his vernal old ages one time his face is adorned with old-age furrows. Dorain wish is that the picture could acquire older instead than him acquiring older. Though Dorain has the visual aspect of an angel, his psyche is every bit corrupted as the Satan. This portrays Dorain ‘s corrupt character ; the seeable character of his aging self tortures him infinitely. In his way to happen peace, Dorain is determined to seek anything that will do him keep his juvenility maintained by the picture. Wilde ‘s inspirations in composing the novel are derived from assorted facets of his ain life and the corrupted infatuations of the society at the clip. The brassy Lord Henry Wotton strongly believes that human energies should be straight channeled towards prosecuting beauty and fulfilment of the senses. This is a position that is similar to a position held by Wilde on the esteem of aesthetics. In a command to keep onto his juvenility, Dorain trades his psyche, and his life style is characterized by corrupt actions. In his full life, immoral actions are portrayed through defects on the portrayal. Dorain losingss control of his psyche and engage in wickedness freely yet on the sly. He is guided by the deficiency of sense of what is right or incorrect. He commits a sequence of wickednesss that lead to the blotching of the portrayal. Without any compunction, Dorain drives his bride to perpetrate self-destruction. The corruptness of the psyche is besides impelled by the assorted wickednesss that are undertaken with opium and courtesans. At this point, Dorain is overwhelmed by choler and hatred for Basil and resorts to put to deathing him by assailing to decease. The cadaver is disposed off by runing it with chemicals that had been borrowed from Calan Campbell. Campbell is overcome by compunction and ends up perpetrating self-destruction ( Mantoine 200 ) . Dorain embarks on a reformation procedure ; he aims at altering his psyche for the better and bettering the portrayal ‘s image. He inputs legion attempts, but when they bear no fruit, he is overwhelmed by fury and ends up knifing the portrayal and seemingly killing himself. In his reappraisal of the novel, Lawler observes that it is filled with homoerotic cases ( Lawler 105 ) . This is declarative of Wilde ‘s helter-skelter and exuberant life style ; it reflects Wilde ‘s personality. The esteem of the aesthetic signifiers and attachment to beliefs and executing of the same beliefs portrays the grade of resemblance between Wilde and the fictional characters in the novel. Basil achieves his artistic art through Dorain ‘s portrayal. Unfortunately, the picture consequences in Dorain ‘s decease after he figuratively stabs the portrayal. The caput the produced the artistic portrayal is stabbed merely as Wilde ‘s aspiration for beauty that consequence in his ruin. Wilde ‘s personality is besides replicated by Lord Henry Wotton who is portrayed as a baronial adult male and a friend to Basil. Interestingly, nevertheless, Lord Dorain is attracted to Dorain ; this could connote the relationship between Wilde and Lord Alfred Doug las. Lord Henry conveys his universe position to Dorain, explicating the importance of beauty and satisfying one ‘s senses. This ends up perverting Dorain and is comparable to the actions that resulted to Wilde ‘s promiscuousness every bit good as his homosexual activities. Wilde ‘s longing for sexual satisfaction is portrayed by his relationship with Lord Douglas, this consequence in Wilde ‘s calumny and eventual down autumn. In decision, Oscar Wilde like an expert foretold his ain life through the novel. In the good constructed characters, the writer highlights his beliefs and foretells his tragic terminal. However, it is in Dorain where Wilde ‘s poetic expertness is portrayed. His ill fame was and can ne'er be compared to any other so as his humor and manner. His imaginativeness and creativeness in composing lives on ; he was so gifted and passionate about his work and he impacted on other theoretical creative persons more so after his decease.

US involovement in Korea essays

US involovement in Korea essays The question of whether The United States was right to enter into the Korean war is not a geomilitary question, but rather an ethical one. Was the US just in their decision? To respond to this dilemma, we look to Just War Theory as our guide. Just War Theory denotes the inevitability of war, distinguishing between a moral and immoral war. The basic qualifications for a Just war involve a defensive or Punitive war. An offensive war is usually the immoral one. Aristotle helps to justify Just War Theory with his notion that, "No one chooses to be at war or provokes war for the sake of war...We make war that we may live at peace." In the late 1940's, the United States viewed the Soviet threat in regards to their expansionist abilities. The US feared the psychological pressure forced upon the periphery countries of the Soviet Union. The priorities of The US centered around the strengthening of Western Europe and the peripheral countries in order to build their self-confidence in the struggle with Communist intrusion. The State department's attitude, cited by John Foster Dulles, was that, "If conduct indicates a disposition to fall back and allow doubtful areas to fall under Communist control, then many nations will feel confirmed in the impression." In Cicero's Just War theory, he clarifies that war, "...should be a lastresort, turned to only when discussion is unsuccessful." Why did the US not try to negotiate before the Korean War? The truth is that the US could not negotiate until the Soviet's changed. As it was, the Soviet's had the negotiation advantage of both secrecy and the ability to manipulate public opinion by isolating the public from external influence. Through this lack of public opinion, the US and Soviets had few negotiations at all before the war and were not about to begin them now. The US could not negotiate with the Soviets until the Soviets came to the realization that their capabilities for Eurasian domination w...

Pythagorean Theorem Definition

Pythagorean Theorem Definition Definition: It is believed that the statement of Pythagoreans Theorem was discovered on a Babylonian tablet circa 1900-1600 B.C. The Pythagorean Theorem relates to the three sides of a right triangle. It states that c2a2b2, C is the side that is opposite the right angle which is referred to as the hypoteneuse. a and b are the sides that are adjacent to the right angle. In essence, the theorem simply stated is: the sum of the areas of two small squares equals the area of the large one. You will find that the Pythagorean Theorem is used on any formula that will square a number. Its used to determine the shortest path when crossing through a park or recreation center or field. The theorem can be used by painters or construction workers, think about the angle of the ladder against a tall building for instance. There are many word problems in the classic math text books that require the use of the Pythagorean Theorem. Also Known As: a squared b squared c squared. Or c2a2b2Alternate Spellings: PhythagorasExamples: See full visual

Crimes such as employee theft of merchandise or customer or customer Term Paper

Crimes such as employee theft of merchandise or customer or customer theft (shoplifting) - Term Paper Example Theft of merchandize by employees accounts for approximately $50 billion losses on yearly basis, with small retail shops being the most affected (Hollinger, 2013). However, large business enterprises also suffer great losses but compared to small enterprises, they have a higher capacity to absorb the losses hence can stay longer in business to unearth such theft. Small retailers have no such capacity and hence, regular theft ends up ruining the business completely. It is estimated that more than 75% of employees in the US engage in this atrocity, in one form or the other, hence indicating that there is strong need to reevaluate strategies being used by businesses to curb this type of crime (Walsh, 2000). This paper is a critical evaluation on employee theft as a major dilemma in business. Employees are an important resource for a business, whether in production, marketing, supply or even in retail business. This is due to the fact that they provide services that cannot be performed by any other mechanism in exchange for remuneration among other financial and nonmonetary gains. As an employer, the most important goal is to maximize profits and in businesses that entail buying and selling, profits can only be obtained by ensuring that every item leaving the stores is fully paid for and if not, it has to be accounted for. However, statistics indicate that this is not usually the case. Numerous products are being stolen by employees, who are entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining and managing businesses. 75% of employees in the US are stealing from their employers, not just once but repeatedly). No wonder cumulative losses can reach up to more than USD 50 billion on yearly basis (Walsh, 2000). With this trend, it is most likely that more and more businesses wil l continue to collapse and this can only be hurting, not only for business owners but also the global economy as a result of

Macro & Micro economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Macro & Micro economics - Essay Example However, the growth rate slipped immediately in the next year. This fluctuation in the growth rate of the economy has been a cause of concern for the government of China. It prompted the government to make policy changes that would boost up economic activities in the country. This paper has been presented with the purpose of representing an analytical study of an article named â€Å"China May CPI slows, gives room for easy monetary policy† written by Chiang  and Standing and published by One America News on June 8, 2013. The article is a report on the Chinese economy, its economic growth and the responses of the government with regard to such fluctuation in the growth of the economy. The Central Bank of China has adopted easy monetary policy as well as expansionary fiscal policy to heighten productive activities. This paper revolves around the major issues that have been identified as the primary reasons behind slackening of the country’s growth rate and presents a di scussion of the relevant government policies. The effect of the economic downturn on the Chinese society has also been discussed in this paper. Discussion on the economic problem issue China showed an average growth rate of 7.7% in the first three months in 2013 (BBC, 2013). Although this is not a very poor growth rate, the main concern is fall in growth rate and weak aggregate demand as shown by the country’s purchasing power index (PPI) (Chiang  and Standing, 2013). Q2 has reflected slower growth rate than Q1 in the current year (2013). In May 2013, annual inflation rate of consumer price index (CPI) has reduced to 2.1% from 2.4% in April (Chiang  and Standing, 2013). This has aroused concern that the economy might further slowdown in the third quarter of 2013. According to forecasts by some economists, it would become difficult to attain the target annual growth rate of 7.5% (Chiang  and Standing, 2013). The measure of different variables representing the output of d ifferent sectors in the economy is showing a downward trend. This implies that there is not much chance for the economy recover immediately. Private investors are facing high cost of financing business activities which is discouraging entrepreneurs to make new investments. This highlights the room for possible interest rate cuts by the Central Bank of China. It has decide to â€Å"pursue interest rate liberalization† (Chiang  and Standing, 2013) in the latter half of 2013 with the aim of protecting and increasing consumption growth and supporting private investment. Causes of the problem The article considered for the study, highlights certain issues that have led to the fall in economic growth rate in China. At present the rate of infest in the economy is high, due to which investment activities are being suppressed. This has led to low income for the workers in the economy resulting in lower demand. On the other hand warm weather conditions have led to good agricultural p roduce and high supply of vegetables. Therefore price of vegetables has fallen by 13.8 % in May 2013 (Chiang  and Standing, 2013). Figure1: Fall in Aggregate demand in China (Source: Author’s creation) Aggregate supply (of food items) has increased in the short run (owing to good harvest). But the consumers are left with less disposable income, therefore demand for the produce has fallen (as shown by the shift in aggregate demand curve form AD1 to AD2). Hence prices have fallen from P1 to P2. This has led to fall in the amount of contribution of the agricultural sector in the total GDP and overall GDP has declined. Another important reason behind the fall in GDP growth rate is the over dependence of China on its export sector. China has followed export