Monday, September 30, 2019

A Liberal Education Is the Best Path to a Democratic Nation

A liberal education is the best path to a democratic nation Introduction: Education has always been one of the building blocks of a nation. Indeed, the educational system in the Philippines has come a long way as different colonial periods slowly shaped its current form. Perhaps one of the greatest educational influences introduced to the Philippine archipelago is the concept of liberal education which was brought about by the Americans. Aside from liberal education, democracy was also brought about by the Americans. These two concepts then shaped the course of Philippine history and is strongly felt up to this day. Why is it significant? Since a liberal education aims at strengthening the holistic development of the individual, it creates a pool of free thinkers, and catalysts for change. In a nation where freedom is more of a need than a want, liberal education serves as uniting force for absolute freedom. Why is it argumentative? The topic is argumentative because there are other factors in shaping a country’s democracy. To say that liberal education is the BEST path to a democratic nation implies that all other factors that shape a democratic nation are non-bearing. Definition of Terms: Education- (also called learning, teaching or schooling) in the general sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to another. Liberalism- (from the Latin liberalis, â€Å"of freedom†) is the belief in the importance of liberty and equal rights. Liberal Education- described as â€Å"a philosophy of education that empowers individuals with broad knowledge and transferable skills, and a stronger sense of values, ethics, and civic engagement †¦ characterized by challenging encounters with important issues, and more a way of studying than a specific course or field of study† (Association of American Colleges and Universities) Democracy- is a form of government in which all people have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal (and more or less direct) participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law. It can also encompass social, economic and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice of political self-determination. Hypothesis: 1. Can liberal education be considered as a social equalizer? 2. Will liberal education sustain development and long-term economic progress? 3. How would liberal thinkers contribute to the betterment of our nation? Sub-thesis: 1. Liberal education is the greatest social equalizer. 1. 1Education as the balance wheel of the social machinery. History shows us that with strong mentors and a solid education, even someone without a privileged background can transform their destiny. Beyond the positive global ripple effect that education offers, there are also many personal gains to be made. And that’s where liberalism in education comes in; it serves as a guide in order for individuals to make the right choices not only in consideration to their personal gains but also for the betterment of the whole society. 1. 2Effect on Cohesion of Societies By exposing students to a wide range of differing views and encouraging them to make connections across different disciplines and cultures, we would hope that liberal education promotes tolerance and understanding of others. Liberal education can also foster a sense of community and of working together to achieve goals. And by broadening and deepening knowledge of history, the arts, and the sciences, it nurtures both pride in one's own culture and respect for others. 1. 3 Increased Social Participation Strong leaders help move countries forward, but an informed and engaged citizenry can often serve as a necessary and constructive counterbalance to the power of leaders. By spreading knowledge and increasing debate, broadening liberal education away from elite groups will tend to lead to a more involved citizenry. 2. A liberal education is capable of sustaining development and long-term economic progress. 2. 1On Economy We think that business leaders are more likely to innovate when they have been stimulated by the broad range of studies that typically comprise liberal education. For developing economies, such innovation can mean moving into new, more productive fields, and adapting technologies developed elsewhere to create new jobs, and reduce poverty at home. Liberal education, which encourages people to question and challenge conventional thinking and practices, can be an important catalyst for increasing an economy's fluidity. . Liberal thinkers will profusely contribute to the betterment of our nation. 3. 1On Policy-Making There is no standard recipe for reaching development goals, but much of the evidence we have suggests that good governance, good macroeconomic management, attention to education and health, and integration into the world economy are useful ingredients. All of these instru ments of development (some of which–like health and education–are goals in themselves) require generalist as well as specialist knowledge and skills. . 2On Reducing Brain Drain Students who have an opportunity to receive a well-designed, broad-based education in their own countries are more likely to pursue their studies at home and avoid the cost of going abroad. A related benefit derived from the fact that a liberal education promotes a culture of lifelong learning, which abets the development of a vibrant intellectual culture and encourages professionals trained in other countries to work in their own country, for that country's benefit. Conclusion: By teaching students how to think rather than what to think, and how to learn rather than what to learn, a liberal education produces graduates who are better able to adapt and respond to the demands of a fast-changing economic and social environment. In consideration to all statements and proofs above, we believe that it is necessary to acknowledge the role United State’s played in the realization of the benefits of a liberal education in the progression and growth of a democratic country. By establishing the University of the Philippines through Act No. 870 of the First Philippine Legislation, the United States imparted to us this important segment of higher education that from then up to now is continuously producing liberal idealists that helps in progressing not only our economy but also our national identity. Sources: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Liberal_education http://www. aacu. org/leap/what_is_liberal_education. cfm http://www. aacu. org/liberaleducation/le-wi03/l e-wi03feature2. cfm http://judymontero9. com/2009/03/12/judy-to-dreamers-education-is-the-great-equalizer/

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Rebellion of 1837

Dannicah S. Blk 2. 3 Rebellion of 1837 After learning about the rebellion of 1837 and constantly taking notes, I realized the rebellion was not successful in overturning the government but it did unite both Upper and Lower Canada together. This was able to take away any differences of the two cultures, English and French. The impact did not happen immediately as intended though. In fact it caused the government to get back at the reformers and concentrate more on their punishment such as transportation, hanging, flogging and deaths for the rebels, instead of working on fixing the colony.You can tell that Canada had a serious political problem that was in desperate need to be improved. When the Chateau Clique and the reformers squared off against each other, the British did nothing to ease tension. They appointed James Craig, an anti-French as governor just to arrest those who criticized the government and brought soldiers to intimidate the French. The French Canadians disapproved of the British democracy and found it very difficult to accept. There were numerous reasons why many French Canadians resented the government.Three important ones were because of how discriminative economically and politically the government was of their language and culture, how they were given unequal taxation, and for their lack in power over the government. Although, this all happened in Lower Canada. The rebellion in Upper Canada was to bring an American style democracy because they, as well as the people in Lower Canada, believed that their government were discriminative against the French. The reason why I believe the rebellion in both Lower and Upper Canada was unsuccessful because they did not have any reasonable impact on any British colonies immediately.To begin with, the Rebellion in Upper Canada failed miserably because of their lack of military experience. Many rebellions were killed during battle and several were arrested. Some even fled to America, they were no match fo r the British. This rebellion would have been more successful if the Catholic Church participated but church leaders advised parishioners to stay loyal to the British. The rebellion in Lower Canada ended quickly. The rebellion in Upper Canada also did not turn out so good as well since the British military overpowered them.Even though Mackenzie, leader of the Upper Canada rebellion, took time to train his rebels and plan, the whole event all just led to deaths and arrest of many patriots. Mackenzie also escaped to America where he gained supporters there. In the end the British government continued to rule of Canada where they focused on discussing major punishment for the rebels. In my opinion, the leaders who led the rebellion of both Upper and Lower Canada were very similar. They could motivate emotions with words but they had no idea how to organize their supporters into affective forces.Eventually, Britain’s ways of administrating the colonies would have to change. John Lambton, the Earl of Durham, a reformer politician, realized the whole cause of the rebellion was the conflict between the English and French. He then proposed that Upper and Lower Canada should be united. In conclusion, the whole Rebellion was not successful as planned since the impact did not happen immediately but when Lower and Upper Canada was united it developed a new country. However, both leaders of the Rebellion returned to Canada eventually and were considered heroes by some and other as troublemakers.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

International financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

International financial management - Essay Example This is supposed to help their managers to know exactly what to do as and when they are in a situation where they have to make a critical decision about a big risk such as the one that Herr Ruhnau took. If such policies existed at Lufthansa, it would be easy to know whether the actions of Herr Ruhnau were careless and if he ignored standards in and to follow his gut feeling to make such a big decision (what kind of policies, list some of it). For instance, like having a limit on how must risk in terms of the amount of money involved a manager can take without involving the board of management. I have also talked about this in the conclusion) Herr Ruhnau’s decision can be viewed in two main perspectives. First it can be viewed from the perspective of the fact that as a manager, he had to take the action he thought was beneficial for the firm. Punishing him for making such a decision would be considered to be unfair in that when he took the role of the CEO of the firm, he took the responsibility to be making such decisions. As Ayse (212) says, it is not good for executive managers to be limited with regard to how they make their decisions. As a result, in determining whether Ruhnau’s actions were careless or necessary in that situation, it is necessary to tread carefully on the line and make sure that all factors are considered. Ruhnau decision was to leave fifty percent of the risk that the firm was taking with regard to buying the Boeing planes in advance and offering o pay later when the airplanes were delivered. This left the firm exposed to a risk of over 2.5 million dollars not covered. He also refused to consider other alternatives to cover the risk, such as forward contracts in order to protect Lufthansa from the risk of shifting exchange rates. He had analyzed that the dollar could only rise for a short time and so it would be expected that it could only go down from there. In

Friday, September 27, 2019

Regulatory Theory cw2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Regulatory Theory cw2 - Essay Example That made it necessary to merge with British Satellite Broadcasting and that is how a new entity came into existence called BSkyB. Currently, BSkyB is the most dominating company in the British pay-TV market. By owning 100 percent of BSkyB, Rupert Murdock is likely to have a dominant role in the British print and electronic media that subsequently may play a critical role in influencing major government economic and political policy issues. Rogers (2003) sees the mass media channels such as TV, newspapers, radio in a different perspective as mass media have the capacity to reach a large audience quickly, spread information and alter weakly held attitudes. Thus, too much concentration of media power in one hand or group of people could be detrimental as it may even affect the plural fabric of the society. It is a fact that some 30 years ago the newspapers such as ‘The Times’ and ‘Sunday Times’ were allowed to have a control by Rupert Murdock even though at that time he owned other print publications such as ‘The News of the World’ and ‘The Sun’. The reasons were given that it was necessary in view of the likely closure of these two print media if matter were referred to the MMC. In 1990, Sky TV and the British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB) were merged for the reasons that both were making losses and that was the only alternative to save both of them (Douglas, 2010). In a current scenario, pay TVs continue to expand in size and BSkyB with around10 million subscribers in its fold and revenues that is 2-3 times larger than its nearest rivals BBC and ITV has a dominant position in the market. That means that complete buyout of BSkyB will place Rupert in an enviable position to exert considerable influence in the national media (Douglas, 2010). On this acquisition efforts, competition such as BBC, Daily Telegraph, Daily Mail and BT wrote to Vince Cable urging him to initiate necessary

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Role of Women in the Military Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Role of Women in the Military - Essay Example During the First World War, many women served in the military as nurses and also offered other assigned support roles to the armies of various nations. However, the only nation that was acknowledged for using a large number of female fighter troops was Russia (Stone 155). One of the most famous martial camps was Cossack regiment, front-line light cavalry under the leadership of a woman. Maria Bochkareva, another famous and astounding female figure in the military, worked her way out to one of the most crucial military ranks as a senior NCO. Bochkareva was given the mandate to command the first unit in 1917 following the establishment of â€Å"Women’s Battalions† by the interim government (Stone 154-58). The women were expected to propagate war propaganda, which they never did well leading to their disbandment. Nonetheless, the women fought their war well, albeit propaganda delivery failed. Bochkareva would later recruit women infantry in Russian Civil War. The role play ed by women in both civil war and World War I still remains conspicuous and cannot be ignored. The Second World War occurred on global unprecedented scale, which created the necessity to mobilize the entire society to join war. This increased the chances of women participation in the military and they became important and indispensable part of national armies. During World War II, some women took to nursing roles while many others were engaged in clerical and support roles. In 1938, Britain created military roles for women besides a small group of women who had been serving in the British military as nurses. By 1941, many British women were enrolled in the army affiliate, Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) and later approved military status (Martel 253). Martel argues that â€Å"The National Service Act of December 1941 drafted 125,000 women into the military over the next three years while 430,000 more

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Womens Roles Then & Now Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Womens Roles Then & Now - Essay Example Physical labor was demanded, women now began to look after the home as men perform more physical duties, and the pattern was set. The role of women was to be a significant part of the entire society. Many historical feminists such as Alice Walker and Isabel Allende believed that women were necessary in order for the society to run smoothly. Women have been treated as unequal and far different from men (Majupuria, 1990). These feminists believed that although men were stronger physically than women, women had strengths far much superior in most areas. This made women more suited in life for certain responsibilities. This paper therefore seeks to address women’s role then and now. In so doing, the paper will script a conversation between two notable women from 18th and 19th century (Alice Walker and Isabel Allende) on the roles women should play in the society. In this conversation, the paper will include biographic details of the women, their historical status in the period the y lived, the opinion the held during the time they lived on the role women should play in the society, and what they might think about the current roles of women. Alice Walker, best referred to as the author of The Color Purple, was Georgia sharecropper’s eighth child. ... Alice Walker became known to a much wider audience in 1982 when The Color Purple came out. This brought both controversy and fame. She was criticized widely for portraying men negatively in The Color Purple. Alice Walker was credited with introducing for African American feminism the word â€Å"womanist†. Alice Walker took on the female circumcision in Africa in 1989 and 1992 in Possessing the Secret of Joy and The Temple of My Familiar. This brought further controversy on the role of women in the society and attracted questions whether Alice Walker was a cultural imperialist so as she could criticize other cultures. The works of Alice Walker are known for emphasis on women roles and portrayal of the life of African American life. She illustrates vividly the racism, poverty, and sexism that make a woman life a struggle. She also portrayed women as the strengths of the community and family, and as a person of self worth and spirituality. Most of Alice Walker’s novels sho w women in other history periods than our own. For example, she gives a sense of similarities and differences of the condition of women today and in the past. Alice Walker has continued to be active in feminist causes and matters of economic justice focusing on the role of women (Walker, 1998). Isabel Allende was born in Peru, Lima to a Chilean diplomat father. She lived with her divorced mother. Isabel Allende worked as a secretary and then journalist on television, print and in documentary movies. After the assassination and overthrow of Salvador Allende, her uncle, president of Chile in 1973, Isabel, her husband and children left for Venezuela for safety. It was during exile that Isabel begun to write her first novel,

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Refutation for the DREAM Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Refutation for the DREAM Act - Essay Example It is an American legislation drafted by both the Democrats and the Republicans that would give students who were raised and studied in the US a chance to contribute to the country’s growth by serving the military or pursuing higher education. Some of the benefits that the government reaps from the act include; making the US more competitive in the global market, improving the national economy, contributing to the military’s recruitment efforts and readiness and allowing the immigrants and border security experts to focus on those who pose a serious threat to the national security. Opponents are however against the DREAM Act and they provide various reasons to prove their argument. They claim that the DREAM Act would encourage more students to immigrate illegally into the US and applicants would use it to petition for relatives. They also add that the DREAM Act would result in taxpayers having to subsidize student loans for those students who are registered through the DREAM Act. (The White House FactSheet). The DREAM Act is purely beneficial to the American people and I will illustrate the reasoning of the critics and provide the factual information that is contained in the Act. Most critics think that the DREAM Act, when passed will imply that the government would be awarding privileges and rights to individuals who have broken the law by violating the immigration laws and to those who have not worked for them and therefore they do not deserve those privileges. Critics argue that the DREAM Act is amnesty since the immigrants are being pardoned after breaking the immigration laws. (Lamar) The above argument is fallacious since the DREAM Act requires responsibility and accountability of young people who will apply in order to adjust their status under the requirements of the DREAM Act, which is a lengthy and rigorous process. Young people applying for citizenship under the

Monday, September 23, 2019

Puerto Rican immigration and their occupational difficulties in the US Research Paper

Puerto Rican immigration and their occupational difficulties in the US - Research Paper Example 1). Moreover, it is still among the countries with high crime rates and murders have been averaged to 26.2 per 10,000 inhabitants. Therefore, the paper will seek to look into the immigration of the Puerto Ricans into the US. It will also look into their occupational difficulties and poor income. Puerto Ricans early migration to the United States was mainly a result of serious poverty levels as much as crime related issues also contributed to this effect (Hong et al p. 118). The number of migrants increased after Puerto Rico became a protectorate of the United States, thereby, improving relation ties between these countries. Migration patterns were mainly determined by the existence of industrial jobs mainly in New York City and increased as the years advanced. With the First World War at bay, approximately 1000 Puerto Ricans served as Army soldiers in the US. This number increased by the time the Second World War was happening. World War II contributed greatly towards the immigration of Puerto Ricans. It brought about economic issues in Puerto Rico leading to their immigration to the United States. The effect of the Second World War which took almost ten years caused the population of Puerto Ricans to rise to approximately two million people with the residents experiencing low living standards. Lack of employment opportunities after immigration was a major problem the Puerto Ricans faced as they settled in New York City (Mihelich p.65). The main source of employment during this period was available in garment shops in the district. There were also various jobs that were available to the immigrants in the city. Puerto Ricans who were hard working did jobs in the city’s garment shops. Moreover, illiterate immigrants did low skilled jobs in the city’s industries in order to make a living for themselves. Therefore, the insurgence of the Second World War greatly contributed to the migration patterns of the Puerto Ricans

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Did Japans modernisation involve a loss of Japanese identity Essay

Did Japans modernisation involve a loss of Japanese identity - Essay Example s strongly affected Japanese people and how it has influenced their attitude toward their culture, as well as their identity in the background of history. These issues are discussed because some doubt on the values of a highly modernized society exists. When the Meiji emperor was reestablished as chief of Japan in 1868, the nation was a militarily unsound country, was mostly agricultural, and had small technological development (Beasley, 1999). It was ruled by hundreds of semi-independent feudal lords. The Western mighty forces, Europe and the United States, had coerced Japan to sign treaties that restricted its influence over its own foreign trade and obligated that crimes concerning foreigners in Japan be arbitrated not in Japanese but in Western courts (Nakakita, 1998). When the Meiji period concluded, with the demise of the emperor in 1912, Japan had a remarkably centralized bureaucratic government, a constitution establishing an elected parliament, a well developed transport and communication system, a highly educated population free of feudal class restrictions, an established and swiftly growing industrial sector based on the latest technology, and a powerful army and navy (Sugiharo and Tanaka, 1998). Japan had retaken whole control of its foreign trade and legal system, and, by fighting and winning two wars (one of them against a major European power, Russia), it had secured full independence and equality in international affairs. In a bit more than a generation, Japan had surpassed its goals, and in the process had changed its whole society (Nakakita, 1998). The achievement of Japan in modernization has stirred big interest in why and how it was able to take on Western political, social, and economic institutions in so short a time. It is recognized that modernization, as far as technology and science are concerned, appeared after the Industrial Revolution. This was brought about by the invention of spinning machinery in England during the late

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Role of Federal Agencies Essay Example for Free

Role of Federal Agencies Essay The threat has reached the point that given enough time, motivation, and funding, a determined adversary will likely be able to penetrate any system that is accessible directly from the Internet. It is difficult to state with confidence that our critical infrastructure—the backbone of our country’s economic prosperity, national security, and public health—will remain unscathed and always be available when needed. The recent security breach by unauthorized intruders into the parent company of NASDAQ is an example of the kind of breaches directed against important financial infrastructure and illustrates the difficulty of determining clear attribution. As we would in response to any such breach, the FBI is working to identify the scope of the intrusion and assist the victim in the remediation process. The FBI has identified the most significant cyber threats to our nation as those with high intent and high capability to inflict damage or death in the U.S., to illicitly acquire assets, or to illegally obtain sensitive or classified U.S. military, intelligence, or economic information. As both an intelligence and law enforcement agency, the FBI can address every facet of a cyber-case—from collecting intelligence on the subjects in order to learn more about their networks to dismantling those networks and prosecuting the individual perpetrators. The ability to take action on the information we collect is critical because what may begin as a criminal investigation may become a national security threat. In addition, the FBI’s presence in legal attachà ©s in 61 cities around the world assists in the critical exchange of case-related information and the situational awareness of current threats, helping to combat the global scale and scope of cyber breaches. The FBI is also changing to adapt to the ever-evolving technology and schemes used by cyber criminals. Intelligence now drives operations in the FBI. The Bureau is working in new ways with long-standing and new partners to address the cyber security threat. U.S. critical infrastructure faces a growing cyber threat due to advancements in the availability and sophistication of malicious software tools and the fact that new technologies raise new security issues that cannot always be addressed prior to adoption. The increasing automation of our critical infrastructures provides more cyber access points for adversaries to exploit. New â€Å"smart grid† and â€Å"smart home† products, designed to provide remote communication and control of devices in our homes, businesses, and critical infrastructures, must be developed and implemented in ways that will also provide protection from unauthorized use. Otherwise, each new device could become a doorway into our systems for adversaries to use for their own purposes. Industrial control systems, which operate the physical processes of the nation’s pipelines, railroads, and other critical infrastructures, are at elevated risk of cyber exploitation. The FBI is concerned about the proliferation of malicious techniques that could degrade, disrupt, or destroy critical infrastructure. Although likely only advanced threat actors are currently capable of employing these techniques, as we have seen with other malicious software tools, these capabilities will eventually be within reach of all threat actors. Intellectual property rights violations, including theft of trade secrets, digital piracy, and trafficking counterfeit goods, also represent high cybercriminal threats, resulting in losses of billions of dollars in profits annually. These threats also pose significant risk to U.S. public health and safety via counterfeit pharmaceuticals, electrical components, aircraft parts, and automobile parts. Cybercrime that manipulates the supply chain could pose a threat to national security interests and U.S. consumers. Poorly manufactured computer chips or chips that have been salvaged and repackaged infringe on intellectual property rights and could fail at critical times, posing a serious health and safety threat to U.S. citizens. Malware could be embedded on the chips to infiltrate information from computers and result in the theft of personally identifiable information (PII) that could then be used in future cybercrimes. As the quality of counterfeit goods increases, U.S. consumers may be challenged to tell the difference between authentic and fraudulent goods. Operation Cisco Raider is a joint initiative between the U.S. and Canada that targets the illegal distribution of counterfeit network hardware manufactured by private entities in China. The use of counterfeit network components can lead to exploitation of cyber infrastructure vulnerabilities and even network failure. Since 2006, Operation Cisco Raider has seized over 3,500 network components amounting to $3.5 million of Cisco retail products. Ten individuals have been convicted as a result of the joint initiative. (Snow, 2012) References Snow G M 20120412 TestimonySnow, G. M. (2012, April 12). Testimony. Retrieved August 21, 2012, from http://www.fbi.gov Sternstein A 2012 Plan to Fighting Organized Crime Recognizes Growing Cyber ThreatsSternstein, A. (2012). Plan to Fighting Organized Crime Recognizes Growing Cyber Threats. Retrieved August 22, 2012, from http://www.nextgov.com

Friday, September 20, 2019

Dot Net Sap Integration With Exchange Infrastructure Computer Science Essay

Dot Net Sap Integration With Exchange Infrastructure Computer Science Essay The SAP Connectors allow the integration of different applications using its technology with SAP Systems using the standards. The connectors are means for technical interoperability of SAP Components (written in ABAP or ABAP Objects) and other components (e. g. written in Java, C++, Visual Basic, .NET, etc.). There are many types of SAP Connectors such as SAP .NET Connector, SAP JAVA Connector, SAP DCOM Connector, SAP BUSINESS Connector. SAP Exchange Infrastructure is middleware which can be used by various applications and technologies to integrate with SAP using an open protocol and standards. SAP Exchange Infrastructure (SAP XI) is SAPs enterprise application integration (EAI) software, a component of the Net Weaver product group used to facilitate the exchange of information among a companys internal software and systems and those of external parties. Like other Net Weaver components, SAP XI is compatible with software products of other companies. SAP calls XI an integration broker because it mediates between entities with varying requirements in terms of connectivity, format, and protocols. According to SAP, XI reduces integration costs by providing a common repository for interfaces. The central component of SAP XI is the SAP Integration Server, which facilitates interaction between diverse operating systems and applications across internal and external networked computer systems. Exchange Infrastructure SAP Xi- Architecture XI is well suited for connecting SAP systems with each other and with non-SAP. If the focus is not on SAP systems, other solutions might be a better choice today. SAP XI provides an integrated workflow engine that allows to define adapters to non-XML-protocols and mappings to convert data content from source to target. Central XI monitoring offers the following options: Component monitoring Message monitoring Performance monitoring Alert configuration Cache monitoring Business Process Management A business process is an executable, cross-system process. In a business process we can define all the process steps that are to be executed and the parameters relevant for controlling the process. Implement cross-component Business Process Management (BPM) when required to define, control, and monitor complex business processes that extend across enterprise and application boundaries. Integration Engine The Integration Engine is the runtime environment of the SAP Exchange Infrastructure. It enables to process XML messages exchanged between applications in heterogeneous system landscapes. Both applications of SAP components and external applications can communicate with the Integration Engine. Using adapters, the Integration Engine can also process IDocs (Intermediate Documents) and RFCs (Remote Function Calls). This option is available for applications that have already defined IDocs or RFCs, as well as for applications of SAP components that do not yet have access to the proxy generation functions. The following are examples of other important parts of this infrastructure: Proxy Generation Integration Repository Integration Directory The integration processes involved can take place between heterogeneous system components within a company, as well as between business partners outside company boundaries. Adapter Runtime A central component of the adapter runtime is the Adapter Framework, with services for messaging, queuing, and security handling. The adapter framework supports the JCA standard (JCA: J2EE Connection Architecture) and communicates with Resource Adapters, which are either a component of SAP XI or are provided by SAP partners. All adapters shipped by SAP are resource adapters, apart from the IDoc adapter. The following adapter components are based on the adapter framework: Adapter Engine (J2EE): For adapter communication within a system network. Partner Connectivity Kit (J2EE): Enables business partners who do not have SAP XI installed to receive and send messages System landscape Directory Business partners who use SAP Exchange Infrastructure (XI) can exchange messages between their system landscapes. If both business partners use SAP XI 3.0, then we can connect the two Integration Servers to exchange data. An SAP XI 3.0 Integration Server can also send and receive SAP XI 2.0 messages. Therefore, it is also possible to integrate business partners who use SAP XI 2.0. Small business partners who do not use SAP XI can use the Partner Connectivity Kit (PCK) to exchange messages with the system landscape of a business partner who uses SAP XI 3.0. Partner Connectivity Kit The PCK of the smaller business partner receives a message from its system landscape and converts the format of the message to XI message protocol. The message is forwarded to the Integration Server for further processing. To forward XML messages from the Integration Server to a receiver business system in the system landscape of the smaller business partner, the PCK of the business partner receives the message, converts into the format required by the receiver system, and then forwards the message. The PCK contains the following adapters: RFC Adapter File Adapter JMS Adapter JDBC Adapter SOAP Adapter XI Adapter How SAP XI works with .Net? If the .NET application is exposing any API in the form of Web servics, SAP XI can make a call to the web service. If .Net app is on the sending then it can call SAP XI using a HTTP call or using a Web service. WSDL (Web Services Description Language) is generated using SAP XI and then its used to generate the client proxies in VB. The ASP.NET web application interacts with SAP XI using generated VB class and SAP XIs SOAP adapter. WSDL WEB SOAP SOAP RFC User Generate Client proxies using WSDL in VB/C# Reference.cs Form.aspx Form.aspx.cs Webapp.dll ASP.NET Web Appln Steps for connecting .Net with SAP: Configurations from SAP Xi side Create request message mapping. Create response message mapping. Create interface mapping between source target. Create sender communication channel of type SOAP adapter using the outbound synchronous interface and its namespace. Create receiver communication channel of type RFC adapter. Create receiver determination using sender service, outbound synchronous interface, receiver R/3 business system and then create interface determination using RFC and finally create receiver agreement using receiver RFC channel. Create a WSDL for the outbound synchronous interface. Use this URL http://host:port/XISOAPAdapter/MessageServlet?channel=party:service:channel while defining web service. Save the WSDL (Web Services Description Language) in the local system. Configurations in .Net side Open the development environment of Microsoft Visual Studio .NET and create a new project of type Visual Basic using the template ASP.NET Web Application. Copy the WSDL generated using SAP XI in the root folder of web application. Go To solution explorer > References > Add Web Reference. Browse To: Web services on local machines. Select the service and click on Add reference. When the web reference is added for the WSDL the .VB source (proxy) is generated in the Web References folder of the web application. This proxy needs to be compiled into Dynamic Linked Library .DLL. For this, build the web application using Build>Build Web application. The DLL is generated in webapp/bin/ folder Pros Monitoring is better than any other middleware product. It offers exhaustive monitoring features like message, performance, component monitoring etc, all of which can be used to track and rectify the errors. It follows a hub and spoke model. When we need to integrate with an SAP system XI has an advantage in supporting various SAP components and so on. Process functionalities inside XI to modify content in the communication channel on own defined rules for business purposes. Mappings and adapters are good as comparable with any other middleware product. Synchronous Asynchronous communication is possible. Cons Web methods are particularly good if u have B2B kind of communication with their Trading Partners product. XI is lacking full-fledged Message Queue compared to other established Middleware products. It lacks in ability to process huge messages but SAP is working on that. It does not have a messaging layer exposed by APIs like IBM MQ-Series. It is not comparable to Tibco in terms of speed. SAP relies on other vendors except for a few adapters. Conclusion: Currently applications in Honeywell are using the various SAP connectors. Migrating the applications integration to SAP Exchange Infrastructure will get cost advantage by avoiding SAP connector licenses. SAP PI Base Engine is priced based on the overall processed message volume expressed in Gigabytes (GB) per month. The applications will also benefit from modern integration functionalities like delivery assurance, once-only, ordered-delivery, prioritization, review of messages and resubmitting after correction. SAP Xi is one of the key building blocks of enterprise SOA architecture provided by SAP. We can continue to leverage towards Honeywell SOA based IT landscape with SAP Xi.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

The Impact of the Industrial Revolution on the Life and Health of the British People :: Free Essays

The Impact of the Industrial Revolution on the Life and Health of the British People Trade and industry changed dramatically during the Victorian period. The invention of new machines and the growth of factories affected the working lives of many people. The invention of steam power meant that many jobs could now be done by machines and steam powered machines meant that more goods could be made and much faster than before, when they were made by hand. When manufacturers realised this, they put their machines into huge factories so that all the work could be done in one place. Coal was needed to help make steam to power the machines. Many Victorian factories were built near coalmines to make it easier to get the coal to the factory. The coal mining industry grew. Many workers were needed to keep the new machines running in the factories and more workers were needed to work in the coalmines. Huge industrial towns grew around the factories as people moved to factory areas to look for work. In 1800, 75000 people lived in Manchester. By 1850, more than 300 000 people lived there. This made more goods for sale at home and abroad. The revolution had many impacts on Victorian life and many people benefited from industrialization but many people did not. For most people the Industrial Revolution was a good thing. Farm workers now had machines to help them and owners of the new factories and mills were making lots of money from the goods, made in their factories, being exported and sold. New inventions such as the telegraph and the typewriter created different kinds of jobs. However, for many people, life was made much more difficult. Factory workers had no rights and had to work long hours in dreadful conditions for a very low pay. The new machines were often not very safe and the workers' lives were at risk when they were running them. Factory owners exploited their workers, especially women and children. But people were desperate for work and those without jobs were not

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Midevial Cooking :: essays research papers fc

Cooking in the medieval times was performed on very big scale, and food was cheap and plentiful. Foreign goods had to be bought at the nearest large town. Food trade was a primary business. It was also a way of determining class. The nobles would eat meat, white bread, pastries, and drink wine. This sort of diet caused many health problems, such as skin troubles, digestive disorders, infections from decomposed proteins, scurvy, and tooth decay. A peasant would eat porridge, turnips, dark bread, and in the north they would drink beer or ale. Women were the expert cooks, and they seasoned their food heavily with pepper, cloves, garlic, cinnamon, vinegar, and wine. They paid close attention to the appearance of their meal. For instance, they might spread the feathers of a peacock that they are serving. Also, if a the eggs of a batter didn’t make it yellow enough, they would add saffron (saffron is orange of yellow powder obtained from the stigmas of the saffron flower). Meat was expensive, so it was considered a luxury. This made butchers prosperous. The most common and least expensive was sheep. They would also eat birds: gulls, herons, storks, swans, cranes, cormorants, and vultures, just to name a few. Animals were cut up immediately after killing and salted to be preserved. Most meat was boiled because it the animals were wild, and the meat was sure to be tough. Also, almonds were often cooked with the meat for flavor. Fish was also popular. Part of this was because the church required that you eat fish on Fridays. Fish was often cooked in ale. People spent more on bread and grain then anything else, even though England had a national bread tax, which fixed the price of bread. Pastries were expensive because sugar was an import. Because medical opinion advised that fruit shouldn’t be eaten raw, it was preserved in honey and cooked into pastries. Almonds were often cooked into pastries as well. Fruit was more wild back then than it is today, so it may have been more flavorful. Most people grew their own vegetables. Also, many people owned their own cow and made cheese with its milk. They would sell most of the cheese at the local market. Only gentleman had wine, which was often diluted with water or mixed with honey, ginger, or cinnamon to sweeten it. The only hot drink that they had in those days was mulled wine, and that was served only at festivities.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Korean Collective Action Essay example -- Immigration Economics Econom

Korean Collective Action Throughout the past two decades, boycotts and demonstrations against Korean-American grocers by African-Americans have become increasingly common. This Anti-Korean stance has been fueled by complaints of Koreans' rudeness and physical violence towards customers, shoplifting suspicions, and price discrimination. However, using these same grievances, Korean-Americans have also done their share of shaking up the system. By the early 1980's produce retail had become the dominant business among Koreans in New York City (Min, 61). There are several reasons to explain this phenomenon. One reason is because of new immigrants' lack of English language and professional service skills. Although most Korean immigrants arrive in America with high levels of education and professional experience, these skills cannot easily be translated into American white-collar work ("The Koreans," 223). Therefore, the only alternative for them is to invest in small businesses. Furthermore, Koreans entered America at the time when retiring Jewish and Italian produce store owners were willing to sell their stores because their children had already transitioned into the mainstream American economy ("The Koreans," 239). These stores are located in predominantly low income minority neighborhoods where vandalism, high crime rates, and the perception of residents' low spending capacity exist (Min, 67). Since large chain stores have been unwilling to invest in these areas, opportunistic Korean immigrants have stepped in to fill this void (Min, 230).Consequently, to where have the Jewish and Italian Americans transitioned? One area where Jewish and Italian Americans predominate is the wholesale business. Korean produce retailer... ...that mean that Korean merchants, who have been mistreated by Jewish wholesalers, will someday BE the wholesalers of the future and mistreat the next wave of immigrants? I am angered by this generalization because it assumes that all Koreans will climb up America's socio-economic ladder. Personally, this concept is hard for me to grasp since my father has actually fallen down America's ladder after losing his store due to bankruptcy. Works Cited: Kim, Illsoo. "The Koreans: Small Business in an Urban Frontier." New Immigrants in New York. Ed. Nancy Foner. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. 219-242. Kim, Illsoo. New Urban Immigrants: The Korean Community in New York. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981. Min, Pyong Gap. Caught in the Middle: Korean Merchants in America's Multiethnic Cities. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Problem Set 1

Problem Set 1 Ben Polak, Econ 159a/MGT522a. Four Questions due September 19, 2007. 1. Strictly and Weakly Dominated Strategies? What is the de nition of a strictly dominated strategy? What is the de nition of a weakly dominated strategy? Give an example of a two-player game matrix where one player has three strategies, one of which is strictly dominated; and the other player has three strategies, one of which is weakly (but not strictly) dominated. Indicate the dominated strategies. 2. Iterative Deletion of (weakly) Dominated two-player game 2 l c T 1; 1 0; 1 1 M 1; 0 2; 2 D 1; 3 3; 1 Strategies Consider the following r 3; 1 1; 3 2; 2 a) Are there any strictly dominated strategies? Are there any weakly dominated strategies? If so, explain what dominates what and how. (b) After deleting any strictly or weakly dominated strategies, are there any strictly or weakly dominated strategies in the `reduced' game? If so, explain what dominates what and how. What is left? (c) Go back to your a rgument for deleting in the rst `round' and recall what dominated what and how. Compare this with what was deleted in the `second' round. Comment on how this might make you a bit cautious when iteratively deleting weakly dominated strategies? . Hotelling's Location Game. Recall the voting game we discussed in class. There are two candidates, each of whom chooses a position from the set Si := f1; 2; : : : ; 10g. The voters are equally distributed across these ten positions. Voters vote for the candidate whose position is closest to theirs. If the two candidates are equidistant from a given position, the voters at that position split their votes equally. The aim of the candidates is to maximize their percentage of the total vote. Thus, for example, u1 (8; 8) = 50 and u1 (7; 8) = 70. Hint: in answering this question, you do not need to write out the full payo matrices! ] (a) In class, we showed that strategy 2 strictly dominates strategy 1. In fact, other strategies strictly dominate s trategy 1. Find all the strategies that strictly dominate strategy 1. Explain your answer. [Hint: try some guesses and see if they work. ] (b) Suppose now that there are three candidates. Thus, for example, u1 (8; 8; 8) = _ _ 33:3 and u1 (7; 9; 9) = 73:3. Is strategy 1 dominated, strictly or weakly, by strategy 2. How about by strategy 3? Explain. Suppose we delete strategies 1 and 10.That is, we rule out the possibility of any candidate choosing either 1 or 10, although there are still voters at those positions. Is strategy 2 dominated, strictly or weakly, by any other (pure) strategy si in the reduced game? Explain. 4. Strength can be weakness†. A three-person committee has to choose a winner for a national art prize. After some debate, there are three candidates still under consideration: a woman who draws antelope in urban settings, a man who makes rectangular lead boxes, and a woman who sculpts charcoal. Lets call these candidates a, b and c; and call the committee member s 1,2 and 3.The preferences of the committee members are as follows: member 1 prefers a to b and b to c; member 2 prefers c to a and a to b; and member 3 prefers b to c and c to a. The rules of the competition say that, if they disagree, they should vote (secret ballot, one member one vote) and that, if and only if the vote is tied, the winner will be the candidate for whom member 1 voted. Thus, it might seem that member 1 has an advantage. (a) Consider this voting game. Each voter has three strategies: a, b, or c. For each voter, which strategies are weakly or strictly dominated? Hints. Be especially careful in the case of voter 1. To answer this question, you do not need to know the exact payo s: any payo s will do provided that they are consistent with the preference orders given above. To answer this question, you do not have to write out matrices]. (b) Now consider the reduced game in which all weakly and strictly dominated strategies have been removed. For each voter, which st rategies are now weakly or strictly dominated? What is the predicted outcome of the vote? Compare this outcome to voter 1's preferences and comment. 2 Problem Set 1 Problem Set 1 Ben Polak, Econ 159a/MGT522a. Four Questions due September 19, 2007. 1. Strictly and Weakly Dominated Strategies? What is the de nition of a strictly dominated strategy? What is the de nition of a weakly dominated strategy? Give an example of a two-player game matrix where one player has three strategies, one of which is strictly dominated; and the other player has three strategies, one of which is weakly (but not strictly) dominated. Indicate the dominated strategies. 2. Iterative Deletion of (weakly) Dominated two-player game 2 l c T 1; 1 0; 1 1 M 1; 0 2; 2 D 1; 3 3; 1 Strategies Consider the following r 3; 1 1; 3 2; 2 a) Are there any strictly dominated strategies? Are there any weakly dominated strategies? If so, explain what dominates what and how. (b) After deleting any strictly or weakly dominated strategies, are there any strictly or weakly dominated strategies in the `reduced' game? If so, explain what dominates what and how. What is left? (c) Go back to your a rgument for deleting in the rst `round' and recall what dominated what and how. Compare this with what was deleted in the `second' round. Comment on how this might make you a bit cautious when iteratively deleting weakly dominated strategies? . Hotelling's Location Game. Recall the voting game we discussed in class. There are two candidates, each of whom chooses a position from the set Si := f1; 2; : : : ; 10g. The voters are equally distributed across these ten positions. Voters vote for the candidate whose position is closest to theirs. If the two candidates are equidistant from a given position, the voters at that position split their votes equally. The aim of the candidates is to maximize their percentage of the total vote. Thus, for example, u1 (8; 8) = 50 and u1 (7; 8) = 70. Hint: in answering this question, you do not need to write out the full payo matrices! ] (a) In class, we showed that strategy 2 strictly dominates strategy 1. In fact, other strategies strictly dominate s trategy 1. Find all the strategies that strictly dominate strategy 1. Explain your answer. [Hint: try some guesses and see if they work. ] (b) Suppose now that there are three candidates. Thus, for example, u1 (8; 8; 8) = _ _ 33:3 and u1 (7; 9; 9) = 73:3. Is strategy 1 dominated, strictly or weakly, by strategy 2. How about by strategy 3? Explain. Suppose we delete strategies 1 and 10.That is, we rule out the possibility of any candidate choosing either 1 or 10, although there are still voters at those positions. Is strategy 2 dominated, strictly or weakly, by any other (pure) strategy si in the reduced game? Explain. 4. Strength can be weakness†. A three-person committee has to choose a winner for a national art prize. After some debate, there are three candidates still under consideration: a woman who draws antelope in urban settings, a man who makes rectangular lead boxes, and a woman who sculpts charcoal. Lets call these candidates a, b and c; and call the committee member s 1,2 and 3.The preferences of the committee members are as follows: member 1 prefers a to b and b to c; member 2 prefers c to a and a to b; and member 3 prefers b to c and c to a. The rules of the competition say that, if they disagree, they should vote (secret ballot, one member one vote) and that, if and only if the vote is tied, the winner will be the candidate for whom member 1 voted. Thus, it might seem that member 1 has an advantage. (a) Consider this voting game. Each voter has three strategies: a, b, or c. For each voter, which strategies are weakly or strictly dominated? Hints. Be especially careful in the case of voter 1. To answer this question, you do not need to know the exact payo s: any payo s will do provided that they are consistent with the preference orders given above. To answer this question, you do not have to write out matrices]. (b) Now consider the reduced game in which all weakly and strictly dominated strategies have been removed. For each voter, which st rategies are now weakly or strictly dominated? What is the predicted outcome of the vote? Compare this outcome to voter 1's preferences and comment. 2

Critical Responce Essay Essay

A Sound of Thunder and Nethergrave were two both amazing Stories. I loved them both, but there was one story that stood out above the other. This one particular story was Nethergrave. Nethergrave was an amazing lit up story it literally caught my attention immediately, it was so interesting and good it caught my eye at the very beginning. A Sound of Thunder was also an amazing story but I loved Nethergrave a bit more because it was more of one of those stories that just grabbed my attention. The main thought in my head while I was reading A sound of Thunder was why is the story called A sound of thunder that thought just kept running thru my mind but when I got to finish it I understood it and It was a great story. Nethergrave was basically about a boy who Felt All Alone and just wanted somebody to talk to make jokes with and play around with and that is why he lied to his friends on the internet probably because he wanted them to think he was cool and not some skinny kid who had no friends at all. This story was a good learning experience for me because It can teach someone don’t be afraid to tell the truth even if someone cant except you for who you are that’s their loss because you are probably a great person. Jeremy knew that that other kids didn’t want to be his friends so he met some online friends and they were nice to him because they did not know about the real him and he didn’t know about the real them. Basically what the story is saying is be yourself and don’t lie to be accepted. This was an amazing story and I loved it.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Autobiography

My name is Andrew Windiest, I was born in Redding, California, a mid-sized city located in the most northern part of the Sacramento Valley. I have four brothers named Alex (14), Jordan (21), Nathan (25), and Tyler (28) along with two sisters, Courtney (29) and Samaritan(26). My Dad's name is Neil Windiest (60) and my Mom's name is Katharine Buchanan (49), they were never married and I don't remember them ever being together. Vie grown up most of my life in Dixon, CA where my mom lived up until three years ago when she moved to Elk Grove. Most of my friends that have known me since I was really young are in Dixon.My dad lives in Red Bluff, CA, up near Redding and that's where I spend most of my time right now. In the future I hope to get out of the valley, although I like some areas of it, I like mountainous areas a whole lot more. I am now attending Elk Grove Charter School as a senior and hope to gain on all my missing credits and graduate this year. I really enjoy the outdoors and it is where I like to spend my time whenever I get the chance. I love fishing and would fish everyday if I could, I have spent many, many hours on the river enjoying the peacefulness. Another thing I enjoy is working on cars, particularly my own.I like high performance cars and love the freedom of driving. I enjoy hiking mountains a lot and like adventures. I climbed Met. Lessen Peak when I was six years old. My Dad has a house on the Oregon coast in Coos Bay. We go up there and ride the sand dunes and it's a lot of fun. My dad bought me my first car it's a eagle's Talon. My dad has had two of these cars previously except his were all wheel drive. These cars have lots of horse power for how big the engine is because they are turbocharged. This a short story of my previous life and my life now and I hope to add many more memories to my life story. Autobiography I attended La Immaculate Primary School, Muffles College High School graduating with a Diploma in Academic Business, Muffles Junior College graduating with an Associate Degree in General Studies, university of Belize graduating with a Bachelor f Science Degree in English Education, and presently studying at Galen university to acquire a Master's Degree in Business Administration. I have always been a rather quiet individual at home, at work, and at school. Accustomed to being around primarily adults, I am mature for my age and most of my friends are males.My hobbies are reading, cooking, baking, and listening to music. Occasionally, I watch some television if I am bored. I did well in school, as I always read ahead and researched even before school opened. I spent my vacation reading all my school codebooks and highlighting the information I deemed Important, while my friends spent theirs traveling or enjoying themselves. In College, I used to spend more time with my friends. We woul d play cards and dominoes and eventually I became a great domino player.I have been encouraged to enter competitions, but I just play for the center of attention. I am more of a behind the scenes type of person, preferring to observe than step to the forefront. I was never one who saw myself with a family and did not want to be tied down by the constraints of a husband and children. Although I absolutely adored children, I assumed I'd never have any children or marry. However, as I grew older my mentality changed and I met someone whilst studying for my Bachelors.After three years of dating, I had a daughter. Shortly after the birth of my daughter, due to an accident, my partner died and I ended up becoming a single mother at the age of 21 . I found myself balancing being a mother, studying and working, always looking for a better job so to make more money to give my daughter a better life than I had. I'm proud to say this new role suits me. I'm driven, not only to do great things f or myself, but to spur my daughter on to even greater ones.What I achieve in life, I do it for my daughter. I do not consider myself a genius, but I study hard or seek help when I need it. I always attempt tasks first and then seek help when I realize that I really do not know what I'm doing, or I cannot do it on my own. I still have that independent nature strongly embedded. Presently, my goal is to graduate with honors and obtain a scholarship for a PhD. Furthermore, having met someone and getting engaged, I look forward to marrying and having two more children. Autobiography Inspirations come from many avenues. My inspiration came when I was 16 years old in the form of a 3 pound baby boy measuring the length of a ruler. Being a young adolescent myself, this was a very trying time for me. My son was born almost three months early and could very easily have not survived. The birth of my first child is what changed my life forever and shaped me into the person I am today.At the age of seventeen I was attending high school, being a mother to my son, and working away from home as a waitress; all the while missing my little boy beyond words. I knew right then what I wanted to do with my life. I wanted to watch my son grow. I wanted to not only be his mother but also his teacher.As my life moved forward my family grew. I was lucky enough to have the privilege to stay at home with my children. During this time I decided that caring for children and helping them grow was what I wanted to do. I started doing child care for a few of my friend’s children and absolutely fell in love with it. This is what I have always done and is something that has always come completely natural to me. Being responsible for a child’s growth while watching them learn and mature right before my eyes is an amazing feeling and a blessing.My children are now all in school full time which has me feeling ready to share the passion I have in caring for, nurturing, and teaching children with others. After I complete my CDA coursework my goal is to become a preschool teacher. I feel with current education with child development and the love I have for watching children’s developmental growth this will be a great future for me.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

A Telephone Based Wireless Remote Controller

Abstract—A telephone based wireless system for the remote operation of the home appliances is proposed. The telephone, acting as a remote controller, generates a DTMF signal corresponding to each dialed digit which is converted to a BCD code by the Telephone interface circuit. This is given as input to the transmitter module which is then used to control various home appliances through a receiver module. Data processing stages of the transmitter and receiver modules have been implemented using digital components, thereby avoiding possible use of conventional devices like monostable multivibrators.Due to the fully digital nature, the proposed design is less complex and hence the implementation is cost effective. I. INTRODUCTION With the advancement in science and technology, human beings have developed a tendency to make their everyday life amply luxurious with the aid of technology. This has led to the development of many sophisticated gadgets and equipments that assist them p artially/fully in their daily activities. Operating all such electronic/electrical instruments in a modern house might be difficult for the elderly as well as disabled people.Our primary motivation to build a simple and low cost system which remotely operates all the home appliances stems from this point. We integrate our system with a standard telephone set so that the telephone can be used for the dual purpose of telephony and remote controller for various home appliances. The proposed system mainly consists of 3 modules, viz. , telephone interface circuit, transmitter and receiver. The transmitter module is in turn made up of a digital data processing block and a wireless (infrared) transmitter block and the eceiver module is made up of a wireless (infrared) receiver block, digital data processing block and a decoding block. In the scheme, a telephone receiver acts as a remote terminal to provide input Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) signals to the telephone interface circuit wh ich converts them to corresponding 4 bit Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) codes. The transmitter generates an 8 bit frame using this BCD code to facilitate asynchronous communication. The receiver decodes the received signals after checking for any transmission errors (single bit) in the frame. These decoded bits act as control signals for the operation of home appliances.The system employs an asynchronous type of communication [1] in which the transmitter and receiver clocks are independent. The receiver clock does not have any prior information regarding the phase of the transmitter clock [2]. This leads to the problem of choosing the correct sampling instants at the receiver [3]. Hence the data is transmitted in the form of frames instead of individual bits. Each such frame consists of start bits, information bits, and stop bits [1]. This is explained in detail in the subsequent sections. When the system is idle, the data processing block of he transmitter gives constant logical high o utput. Since the transmitter consumes more power in transmitting logical high than logical low, the output of data processing block is negated before transmission to save power in the idle state. The receiver module also senses this and remains idle whenever the transmitter is transmitting continuous logical low. The reception of a start bit changes the state of the receiver from an idle to an active state. It then has to sample the remaining data bits in the frame at proper sampling instants. Most of the standard hardware schemes involve the use of monostable ultivibrators at the receiver to recover the data bits following the start bit. The monostable multivibrators commonly rely on variable components such as resistance and capacitance values, as well as they often account for a major part of the propagation delays associated with the receiver. We have extended this treatment to a fully digital design that presents more challenging tasks including a digital output feedback. Moreo ver, use of all digital components in the data processing stages reduces the propagation delay considerably. The complete design outline of all the modules of the roposed system is presented in Section II. Results and discussions are given in Section III. Finally, we present our conclusions in Section IV. II. DESIGN OUTLINE The block diagram of the proposed telephone based wireless remote control system is shown in Fig. 1. In the proposed system, the telephone set performs the dual functions of telephony and remotely controlling various devices. The remote control mode of the telephone can be activated by pressing ‘#’ from the keypad of the telephone. After the desired tasks are accomplished, ‘#’ should be pressed again to deactivate the control system.This is one of the functions of the telephone interface circuit, which is discussed next. A. Telephone Interface Circuit The telephone interface circuit integrates the designed system with the standard teleph one system. As shown in Fig. 2, it basically performs the job of receiving the signals from the local loop and converting them to the standard digital signals in the BCD format. When any telephone button is pressed, a unique DTMF signal is produced for a short duration [4] which is converted to corresponding BCD code by a standard DTMF to BCD converter (KT-3170) [5].The dual tone frequencies and the BCD codes associated with each dialed digit are shown in Table 1. The system remains in the idle state until ‘#’ button is pressed which sets the telephone to remote control mode. This mode remains activated until ‘#’ button is pressed again. This is realized in the hardware by using the BCD code corresponding to ‘#’ as the clock to toggle the J-K flip-flop (74112). The flip-flop output toggles whenever the ‘#’ button is pressed and this is directly used to control the mode of operation of the telephone. The DSO output of KT-3170 [5] is used to generate a start it for the system as it is logical high whenever a received tone pair has been registered and the output latch is updated. As the latched 4-bit BCD code is directly available at the output of KT-3170, it is given as such to the data processing block of the transmitter. These data bits are then processed to facilitate asynchronous communication as explained below. B. Transmitter The 4-bit output of KT-3170 can not be directly transmitted as individual bits as the proposed system employs asynchronous mode of communication. The 4-bit BCD code is thus transmitted as frames for proper reception [1].We have chosen an eight bit frame for our system which consists of a start bit followed by four data bits, a parity bit and two stop bits. Parity bit enables the system to detect any single bit error during transmission. Stop bits mark the ending of the frame. The frame is then transmitted using infrared (IR) transmitter. As shown in Fig. 2, the transmitter mainly con sists of two blocks which are explained below. 1) Fully Digital Data Processing Block: This block performs the function of converting individual bits to 8-bit frames in order to carry asynchronous communication.First bit of the frame is the start bit (taken as 0) which is generated when any of the buttons is pressed. The succeeding 4 bits are the data bits (BCD code) generated by the telephone interface circuit as explained before. Next bit is taken as parity check bit generated by XORing the first 5 bits of the frame. Last 2 bits, termed as stop bits, are taken as 1. Following the generation of the start bit, the data bits are loaded in the parallel to serial converter (74165) using a D-type flip-flop (7474) and the frame is transmitted serially. 2) IR Transmitter Block: This module transmits the frames enerated in the previous section using an IR emitting diode. The data to be transmitted is modulated using Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) with a carrier square wave of 38 kHz. The tra nsmission range of the system is thus highly improved over the case when data is transmitted without modulation. As the data processing stage gives logical high output in the idle state, it is negated before transmission to save power. Thus, a logical low is actually transmitted whenever the system is in idle state. C. Receiver The receiver also has 2 working states, viz. , idle and active.It remains in the idle state until it detects a start bit. It then receives the frame starting from the start bit and checks for a single bit error. If error is detected, no action is taken and the information has to be transmitted again by the user. The received data bits are then decoded which act as control signals for the operation of various appliances. As is evident from Fig. 3, receiver circuit can be subdivided into 3 blocks which are explained below. 1) IR Receiver Block: This block receives the transmitted frames and converts the signal back to Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) levels.A standard 38 kHz IR receiver (TSOP 1738) [6] is used for this purpose. 2) Sampling Clock Generator: The main function of this block is to generate a sampling instant at approximately the middle of the transmitted bit interval. The start bit activates this block and loads counter 1 (4-bit up-counter) with value ‘0’. The clock frequency of this counter is 16 times the bit rate. When the output of this counter changes from 7 to 8, the most significant bit changes from ‘0’ to ‘1’ and this rising edge is used as the sampling instant for the data.Start bit also loads the counter 2 (4-bit down-counter) with the frame size i. e. , 8. When this reaches the value ‘0’, the whole block is disabled and is reactivated only when next start bit arrives. 3) Data Sampler and Decoder: The serial input data is sampled according to the sampling instant generated in the previous stage and is converted to parallel form using serial to parallel converter ( 74164). This data is then checked for any 1-bit errors by XORing the bits. If error is found, no action is taken and the data has to be retransmitted. If no errors are found, the data is decoded using 4-16 decoder (74154) and he signal is given to the appliance for the completion of the corresponding task. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The proposed system has been fully implemented and successfully tested in the standard telephone local loop. The transmitter, kept near the telephone set, taps the DTMF signal from the local loop and transmits the corresponding data frame wirelessly. This signal is received by the receiver installed at the switch board. It decodes the data and takes the corresponding action. At least ten control signals, corresponding to each digit from 0 to 9, can be generated using a standard telephone set.The transmitter was previously implemented without a modulator where the IR LED was kept ON for transmitting logical high and OFF for transmitting logical low. Thi s limited the distance between the transmitter and receiver to a maximum of 30 cms for proper reception. The range of the wireless system has increased to several meters after modulating the data using 38 kHz square wave. This range also depends on the current flowing through the infrared diode which has to be properly tuned to maximize the range. A standard TSOP 1738 receiver is used in the proposed ystem, which requires a minimum burst length of 10 cycles for proper detection. This puts an upper limit on the data rate supported by our system which is practically observed to be 2. 8 kbps [5]. The IR transmitter is highly directional and requires the receiver to be in line of sight of the transmitter. The reception angle of the receiver is observed to decrease with increasing distance between the transmitter and receiver. This is because of the fact that the power is not uniformly distributed and is concentrated in narrow transmission angle.Moreover, the signal power reduces when th e distance between the transmitter and the receiver is increased. So, the receiver has to be highly aligned with transmitter when operating at some substantial distance from it. This problem is of not much concern for our system because the transmitter and receiver, being static in nature, can be properly aligned at the time of installation. The data processing blocks of both the transmitter and the receiver are fully digital in nature. This comprehensively reduces the propagation delays involved and increases the rate at which data can be processed in these blocks.Though, data rate is not very important in the present application but this feature makes the design of our data processing blocks suitable for high data rate applications which are commonly seen in wired communication. IV. CONCLUSIONS A wireless system has been proposed to operate the home appliances remotely using a standard telephone set. This has been successfully tested and is found to be working satisfactorily withi n a distance of 10 meters. The telephone receiver performs a dual-function of telephony and remotely controlling various devices with the help of its ‘#’ button on the keypad.The telephone interface circuit is easily integrated with the standard local loop thus avoiding any changes in the telephone set. Hence, the proposed system is compatible with any type of telephone working on standard local loop. The system employs asynchronous mode of communication which avoids the need to synchronize the transmitter and receiver clocks, thus making our system less complex and hence cost effective. The proposed fully digital innovative design of the data processing blocks reduces the propagation delay and makes them useful for even high data rate applications.Moreover, the system is capable of detecting the single bit errors occuring during transmission. The proposed system can be used in a wide range of practical applications such as speed control of motors, switching of applianc es, control of robots, etc. The above discussed characteristics like simple design, high practical utility and easy installation makes our system highly marketable. REFERENCES [1] Gorry Fairhurst. Asynchronous Communication [Online]. Available: http://www. erg. abdn. ac. uk/users/gorry/course/phy-pages/async. html. [2] D. Comer, Computer Networks and Internets with Internet Applications.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2004. [3] A. Subramanian, V. P. S. Makh and A. Mitra, â€Å"A New Digital Transceiver Circuit for Asynchronous Communication†, Enformatika Trans. , vol. 8, pp. 237-241, Oct. 2005. [4] DTMF Background [Online]. Available: http:// www. ece. utexas. edu/mason/codesign/dtmf. html. [5] Samsung Electronics Datasheet. KT3170 Low Power DTMF Receiver [Online]. Available: http://www. ortodoxism. ro/datasheets/SamsungElectronic/mXuusvq. pdf. [6] Vishay Semiconductors Datasheet. Photo Modules for PCM Remote Control Systems [Online]. Available: http://www. vishay. co m/docs/82030/82030. pdf

Friday, September 13, 2019

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 133

Assignment Example However, it is worth observing the fact that despite the crisis, for the Neo-Classics, they responded through defending their position and even made it clear that the crisis was a confirmation of their view. It is understandable that the disunity amongst economists become more pronounced after the economic and the financial crisis mainly due to the resemblance of the recent financial crisis to the great depression of 1930s in both policy orientation and on doctrine issues. During the principle policy problem of the 1930s was unemployment which was then traced to rigidities which prevented the free working of the capitalist system and it was then determined that the major rigidity was obstruction too the downward movement of wages, making the crisis a matter of confidence which could not find cure either on fiscal or monetary expansion. Looking at the current crisis, it is evident that the crisis was triggered by the collapse in the banking system which was a big wake up call for the Neo-classical mainstream economists as it was a clear proof of ill preparation for the crisis owing to the cold shoulder extended to the financial sector. However, on the other hand, the New Keynesians and the New Institutional Economists were presented with the first opportunity to employ the use of fiscal and monetary expansion to halt the contraction of the financial sector. Therefore, theoretically, as a matter of fact, neither economics nor the special branch of economic history is capable is capable of doing its work entirely without help from the neo-classical theory. The last quarter a century has seen the economy-environmental dynamic become subject to the concept of the environment and humans. The last decade has seen an increase in alarming abuse of and exerting of excessive pressure on the environment resulting into a devastation on a grand scale most notably in the developing countries. Most of these instances have

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Key Concepts of Organizational Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Key Concepts of Organizational Design - Essay Example On the same note, the organizational processes are integral to the design adopted. In other words, organizational design outlines the relationship between the said strategies, structure and organizational processes. Importance of Organizational Design Choices Design choices are highly dependent on the developed strategies within an organization. All operations in an organization take into account that organization’s purpose in the short run and long run, define organizational culture and give an outlay of that organization’s operational and performance processes. Choosing the right organization design is beneficial, in that it promotes competitive level of an organization. On the same note, it enhances technology integration into the organization’s operational processes. Design choices aid the process of management control. The management addresses emerging issues within an organization, alongside overseeing actual performance of the firm in the various fields of interest. Making the right choices can improve control by the management and vice versa. Improved control would require that the firm be efficient, given that firm’s optimal performance. Consumer and competitor issues are properly addressed within the right design choices (www.leadership-and-motivation-training.com). On the same note, optimal performance of an organization is highly dependent on the business framework adopted. ... This may take the form of change in organizational culture to suit the desired outcome. In this regard, growth and development of the organization makes designs adapted by that organization complex over time. Therefore, making the right design choice is core to the organization’s performance efficiency. Organizational Structures One fundamental point to note is that organizational structure is different from organizational designs. An organizational structure relates to powers and authority within the organization. It presents the distribution of power and authority within the organization. The organization has goals, objectives and values to uphold (Galbraith, 2002). These factors are encompassed in the design and not the structure. The organizational structure oversees the process through which the design is operationalized. Mechanistic structure This structure relates to people’s behavior, inside and outside the organization. Accountability in such behaviors is of cr itical importance. Communication is a fundamental component of this structure and it observes hierarchical rankings in the organization. This structure is important because it defines duties and responsibilities of individuals prior to the operations of the firm. Individual-task correspondence is an advantage in this structure. It encourages a sense of responsibility and regulates occurrences of inappropriate behaviors in the organization. This structure is however characterized by a number of disadvantages. This structure is not suited to complex mechanisms, and therefore its integration in complex operation and performance mechanisms is significantly challenging. The structure does not foster power delegation due to its

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

Restoration of the Everglades Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Restoration of the Everglades - Research Paper Example The scenario started changing in the late 1980’s with the beginning of developments like creation of agricultural farms for growing sugarcane and vegetables, building up of new canals and levees for protecting the farms and the cities from floods and increase in the infrastructure in the east of the everglades. Some parts of the marshland started facing drought and others flood. Earlier it used to cover an area of 10,360 kms but today it has been reduced to half its size. The primary reason for this condition is the pollution caused by companies like Big sugar, construction companies, and various other factors (Marjory Stoneman Doughlas, 1969). The Big sugars comprise of a group of sugarcane growers, mainly U.S sugars, and are primarily responsible for destroying the Everglades. Farmers of these agricultural farms use high content phosphorus fertilizers in excessive quantities, to improve the quality of their soil. The run-off water from these sugarcane farms carrying the kill er phosphorus gets drained into the Everglades through canal-water discharge from Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades agricultural area. It was revealed that this overdose of nutrient results in the overgrowth of unwanted plant and algae species or eutrophication, which in turn causes great harm to the original vegetation of Everglades. The original vegetation of this place- sawgrass and other native plant species- are getting replaced by nutrient loving plants like cattails. Not only fertilizers but sewage and human wastes from these fields are being dumped in the marshlands polluting the water, making it unhygienic to drink and the survival of flora and fauna impossible. The entire ecosystem of Florida is in peril because of the pollution (William H. Orem, Feb 2009). In 1992, the state of Florida had set limit to the amount of phosphorus that could be spewed in the everglades. To achieve this, it had set out Stormwater treatment areas on former agricultural areas. These are artific ial wetlands that help in cleaning the phosphorus-laden canal water before it gets drained in the everglades. This step of the government has been successful to a great extent- reducing the amount of phosphorus in the water from 150 parts per billion (ppb) in 1990’s to 30 ppb today. The target of 10 ppb is still far away but the problem of Everglades is not limited to phosphorus, it goes beyond that (William H. Orem, 2009). There is another way in which these agricultural farms are affecting the marshlands. The agricultural land in the Everglades mostly consists of peat soil. It used to extend up to an area of 3 meters but today it has diminished to one third its size. This happens when farmers drain the peat soil through canals for the better growth of their crops. Once this peat soil is exposed to air it gets oxidized away by aerobic bacteria. As a consequence, the aquatic plants remnants in the peat soil get degraded. Scientists have projected that only 20 cm of the peat s oil will remain by 2050. This is alarming since it will extinguish the original plants and vegetation of the Everglades (William H. Orem, Feb 2009). U.S. factory farms are also polluting the Everglades. During rainy season or snow melting season, the run-off water from these farms, which grow animal feed crops, carry the top soil particles into the Everglades. Also, the 1.4 billion tones of animal manures generated on these farms are let off through the

Tuesday, September 10, 2019

Yosemite Overcrowding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Yosemite Overcrowding - Essay Example Tourism should exist in such a manner that it will not destroy what it is trying to serve. This is morally right. On the contrast, overcrowding in national parks does not save the park environment. This is morally wrong and leads to pollution, soil erosion, vandalism, deterioration of infrastructure in the park, and promotes global warming in the park. In addition, the pursuit of economic gains by allowing overcrowding, at the expense of environmental preservation is morally wrong. Yosemite National Park is one of the national parks in the U.S. that are faced with great overcrowding. The Yosemite Valley was set aside by President Abraham Lincoln in 1864 for preservation (Hayes Web). Since then, people have had the opportunity to enjoy recreation and amenities that have enhanced their experience in Yosemite Valley. However, this privilege faces a threat due to the major problem of overcrowding in the park. Overcrowding is known to have detrimental effects on any park and the environment. In Yosemite Park, there are only 1,100 parking spaces. However, there are more than 8,000 cars that pass through the Yosemite Valley (Central Sierra Environmental Resource Center Web). The large number of people visiting this people puts a strain on the resources in the park. For instance, this has led to degradation of the park air, a lack of parking, and straining on the Merced River (The New York Times Web). There is therefore, need to regulate the public access to the park in order to enhance conservation of the Yosemite Valley. The problem of overcrowding in national parks is a major ethical issue. This is mainly because it is the right of people to visit parks and experience nature. Therefore, stopping people visiting parks in order to avoid overcrowding would be infringing on their rights, which is morally wrong. Nonetheless, it is possible for the management of parks to reach an ethical decision that will ensure that overcrowding in

Monday, September 9, 2019

Strategic Issue Marketing Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Issue Marketing - Term Paper Example More industries are now having a global perspective of foundries hence transformation is very easy. New models especially those in semiconductors field that have a great impact in our lives, are very crucial for one's success a field like these. Initially it has been in AMD manufacturing arm they have great assets in the leading technology and manufacturing capabilities. Foundries vision is to be a first truly world semi conductor foundry, to harness the resources of the world in order to deliver maximum value to its customers and unlock the potential for innovation. Its mission is to create a customer experience, through collaboration, exceptional service, successful innovation, and excellence in manufacturing. Major buyers and competitors It has more than 150 customers with a span of over three continents, these have created a new avenue to innovate, to drive, and develop semiconductor technology. They have state of the art manufacturing centers in United States of America, Singapo re, and Germany. The high volume and fast yield advance technologies facilitate its marketing. The footprint of this global manufacturing firm has a major support of research facilities. These have enabled the design and development of semiconductor hubs, in Asia, Europe, and United States. The companies have outsourced the paradigm of manufacturing. They are also looking forward to collaborate with other partners in the field. They are delivering a collaborative model for engaging customers. They offer a unique model of design using integrated device manufacturer. It is a model build using optimization of technology for low leakage and low yield. The major buyers for global foundries include multinational companies such as STMicroelectronics, IBM, Samsung electronics, Toshiba, and Renesas. They provide solutions to manufacture high metal gate technology. Their customers include all the largest semiconductors in the world. These companies are involved in the manufacture of technolog ical products. Major competitors It is important to note that the organization’s competitors play a significant role in determining the trend of the organization. The major competitors of global foundries include Nividia, ARM, AMD, and other international manufacturers of microchips. Major forces Bargaining power of suppliers The power of suppliers comes in because of availability and concentration of suppliers. When the suppliers’ power is high, the switching cost is also high. Threat of new Entrants There is a low entry of new entrants in the market because barriers like investment capital investment, time, and money affecting the profits. The new entrants affect the foundry industry heavily, for instance the entrance of Germany and China in the foundry industry has let to USA lose some of its business. Bargaining power of buyers Customizing of products leads to bargaining power and low switching costs. Foundry industry should be aware of customers needs since they a re the ones who determine the future prospects of the company. Almost everything in Foundry industry is a resource, VRIO analyzes its sustainability and performance. Rivalry among competitors The major rivals include Taiwan, United States of America, Germany, and Japan is committed in this growing industry and has high barriers of Exit. Availability of substitutes The availability of substitutes of the products manufactured by Foundries dents the ability of

Sunday, September 8, 2019

Longer sentences offer no more guarantee of reducing criminal Essay

Longer sentences offer no more guarantee of reducing criminal propensities than do shorter terms (The effectiveness of sentencing, Home Office Resea - Essay Example confinement total included about 325,618 persons. In the next quarter century, American prisons more than quintupled in size, reaching a one-day population of 1,182,169 by the end of 1996. As of June 30, 1996, jails across the country grew to hold an estimated 518,492 persons. At midyear 1996, the total adult incarcerated population was 1,630,940 inmates. Taking the nations population growth into account, the U.S. incarceration rate had risen by a factor of 3.75, from 160 inmates per 100,000 general population in 1970 to 600 per 100,000 in 1995. This expansion was not planned in advance, and, even with the benefit of hindsight, its causes are not well understood. Deliberate or not, explicable or not, the upswing in the use of confinement appears to be ongoing. American prisons and jails were growing at a rate of 189 new inmates per day between mid-1995 and mid-1996. While theories of pendulum swings might foretell an eventual reversal of the incarceration explosion, so far there is little evidence of such a shift in the national statistics. Alongside the trend of escalation of confinement, there has been widespread experimentation across the country with new institutions and systems for the apportionment of criminal punishment. Rehabilitation, once the guiding theoretical light of American sentencing structures, has fallen by the wayside in the past two and a half decades, leaving policy makers scrambling for an alternative blueprint. Further, as criminal punishment has grown into an ever-more-sizable enterprise, governments have become increasingly interested in managerial tools for controlling systemic throughputs and outputs. Many jurisdictions have created sentencing commissions, some have abolished parole boards, all have enacted mandatory penalty statutes for selected crimes, and a growing number have adopted sentencing guidelines (Tonry, 2000). Sentencing has been radically refashioned in two ways. First, sentencing

Saturday, September 7, 2019

Mid-Term Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Mid- - Term Paper Example Similarly, DoE is in no way prohibited from taking pictures underwater in the same manner as it is accessible to public. This is more so because their space is not enclosed within the premises of a firm and hence it is open to the scrutiny of the public. Thus, photographing such an area does not envisage protection available under the Fourth Amendment against interference or surveillance. Besides, underwater photographs will not be able to capture any intimate details of the activities of the firm and, therefore, this cannot be construed as a constitutional violation. Moreover, the interests of the public have been the guiding factor in this case and DoE has a primary responsibility to ensure that public safety is not put in hazard by the activities of a commercial organization. On the other hand, the underwater area where the photograph has been taken does not constitute a reasonable expectation of privacy and hence it involves no violation of privacy. As such, the underwater photog raphing, a necessary activity to safeguard public interest, in no way violates the privacy of the company and must be allowed. This case is similar because, in both cases the area that has been monitored is the space open to public and as such both cannot be considered as the premises of the companies. The court has ruled the way it did because, an action that did not involve any violation of the privacy, as the space is open to public, cannot be considered as the breach of the privacy or infringement of the rights of the company. Freedom of Information Act is one of the salient laws enacted for extending the access of â€Å"information about the government† to the public (p.157). Under this act, a citizen can request a copy of documents in the custody of the government and in the normal circumstances he or she will be provided with the same unless it is â€Å"expressly

The First Opium War Essay Example for Free

The First Opium War Essay The first opium war occurred between the years 1839-1842. In the year 1830, China was participating in a deeply disturbing trade; the exchange of Opium between Chinese natives and other foreigners who were mostly Britons. It was done illegally and most of the traders were exempted from taxes. This meant that the Chinese economy was suffering adversely since most of its currency was lost to an underground business. It also caused a lot of corruption among custom workers as there was no law regulating this trade. In addition to this many natives in China became addicted to this drug. This led to very stern action by the Chinese emperor in the year 1838; he executed all the natives involved in this illegal trade. The Chinese emperor decided to take the issue head on although there were some advisors who wanted him to legalize the trade. However, he said it was evil and could not even consider that option. In the year 1839, he sent a Commissioner to the Chinese harbor – Canton. He instructed the commissioner to confisticate all the opium present in foreign ships and failure to do so would lead to a death penalty. The British Naval Officer tried to discourage his citizens from engaging in this trade as it was tainting Britain’s image. His warnings landed on deaf years and this was one of the main reasons that caused the first opium war in China. The actual war The war was propelled by the fact that Britain was trying to force the Chinese to trade with them in opium. In the year 1839, Britain began its attack in the small town of Hong Kong. This was then followed by Guangzhou. The naval officer from Britain Sir Elliot ordered a blockage of the river sailing to the latter mentioned town. But this order was not followed by one particular ship hence causing problems for the naval officer. This brought about the sinking of plenty of Chinese ships. To counter this, the Chinese emperor prevented any assistance between the Chinese and the British. The British then decided to attack the Chinese harbor- Canton. They sent about four thousand fighters. They met at the mouth of the river and the Chinese were defeated at Ningbo in 1841. In the next year, the British occupied Shanghai after their victory and the war came to an end. The victors were rewarded with a one sided treaty which shall be examined below. (Mitsuko, 1971): Treaty of Nanjing The treaty was signed between the two countries that had participated in the First Opium War in the year 1842. The parties involved were as follows; the emperor of China, her majesty the Queen of Britain and Ireland, a general from the British company of East India, representatives from Canton, Chapoo, Ministers and governors. It was signed in order to forge a way forward so that the trade between these two countries could be controlled. The Treaty declared that the two countries will protect each others property and lives even when one member is residing in the other member’s country. It also spelled out some conditions for Britain’s residence in China’s towns. It reinforced the appointment of officers in five towns within China. Their purpose would be to ensure that British merchants were residing comfortably, without any unfair treatment and they were also to ensure inform the British Government about failure of the Chinese government to comply. The treaty also required that the Chinese government should surrender one town i. e. Hong Kong in which the British Law applied. In this town, merchants could be able to restock their ships. (Mitsuko, 1971): The Emperor of China was told to pay a compensation of six million dollars for threatening to take the lives of British citizens and imprisoning them too. This was the amount equal to the money paid in exchange for British subjects captured in the year 1839. The emperor of Britain demanded compensation for imposition of special Chinese merchants on the British subjects. These merchants did not pay them their dues This amount reached the tune of three million dollars. They were also told to let the British merchants to trade with whoever they wanted. The queen also demanded compensation for the finances wasted on the search for justice through commissioners and officers. This amount was about twelve million dollars. However, the Chinese government could deduct from this amount any compensation paid to British subjects after they won the war. Specifications were also laid out on how the4 compensation would be paid i. e. within three years time. The emperor of the State of China agreed to release any captives who may have been held as a form of punishment for engaging in the opium trade. In addition to this, the emperor was authorized tom release any members of his own country who may have been held for participating in the Opium trade. He was to sign a binding agreement in regards to this. The treaty also directed the emperor to include the ports where British merchants will reside in their tax plans. This tax must be announced to all people in the empire and it should not fluctuate. Lastly, the Chinese government would be free from British forces after completion of due payments and they were expected to make the designated towns free for trade. This treaty was then signed by all the due parties. Treaty of Bogue This treaty was signed in the year 1843 between the British and China. It was a modification of the first treaty signed i. e. The Treaty of Nan king. It was signed between commissioners of the two countries represented. It declared that export duties in the chosen five towns where British merchants were authorized was to be put in place. It also included the rules that would govern how trade will be conducted in those towns. This was signed by all the parties present. The treaty gave authority to traders to deal only in those designated five towns. It stated that any other towns were not to participate and if any native or foreigner was found doing so, they would be duly punished. It allowed the Chinese Government to confisticate their ships in those other towns if they were found guilty. The treaty gave a limit to the radius which British traders were supposed to reach with their merchandise. If they went beyond this limit, then they were liable to punishment by the full hands of the law. The treaty has also looked at the housing arrangement for residents in those five towns. It stipulated that the number of houses built should not be restricted by the Chinese Government but information should be conveyed to envoys about intentions to build. Rent charges in those five towns were also supposed to be the same charges that work over the entire country. The treaty controlled the privileges which the Chinese government would accord to other visitors to the countries that did not belong to the British government. They were expected to give the same treatment to British subjects. It also prevents British law breakers from escaping their mother countries into these ports. If these fugitives are found then they are subject to punishment from the government of China. They cannot seek political refuge in those towns and should be handed over to the British authority in those towns. There was also a ship that was to be given special authority to control and check on trade in those five ports. (Mitsuko, 1971) Treaty of Wanghia This treaty was signed between the United States and China in the year 1844. It was signed after the former mentioned treaty. Its purpose was to increase American involvement in Chinese trade. It was similar to the first two. The United States government made it unlawful to trade in Opium. (Kuo, 1933) It also allowed ended the law that restricted foreigners from teaching themselves the Chinese language. Thirdly, it disallowed fluctuation of tariffs within ports. Also, the Chinese government was forbidden from punishing or judging US citizens residing in their country. It was only supposed to hand offenders to the United States representatives. It also authorized the US citizens to buy land within those five ports mention in the first two treaties. (Swisher, 1953): Treaty of Whampoa This treaty was signed between China and France in the year 1844. It was aimed at involving France in trade within China. It had similar contents to those present in the other treaties it had signed after the First Opium War. Legacy of the Opium war on China The war caused a defeat by the Chinese government; consequently, it paved a way for high influx of many foreigners i. e. the British, followed by the Americans and eventually the France. The immediate implication was a high increase in opium within China. This led to increased tension at first because the Chinese culture was quite different from any of these foreigners; it also offended many natives because they felt like the drug was against their religious teachings. (Chang, 1964) On the positive side, China gained from this high influx by growing economically. It also became more developed as many ideas and goods were introduced into the country. It was a big milestone in China’s road to modernization. Reference Chang, H. (1964): Commissioner Lin and the Opium War. ; Harvard University Press Kuo, C. (1933): Caleb Cushing and the Treaty of Wanghia, 1844; the Journal of Modern History Swisher (1953): Chinas Management of the American Barbarians; a Study of Sino-American Relations, 1841–1861; Far Eastern Publications, Yale University. Mitsuko, I. (1971): Modern Asia and Africa, Readings in World History Vol. 9; New York: Oxford University Press,